本文選題：城市危機(jī) + 人口減少�。� 參考：《河北師范大學(xué)》2009年碩士論文

【摘要】： 戰(zhàn)后美國(guó)的城市危機(jī),是20世紀(jì)60年代以來(lái)一個(gè)引人注目的問(wèn)題,并引起了國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者的廣泛關(guān)注。 本文力圖在前人研究的基礎(chǔ)上,較全面的展現(xiàn)戰(zhàn)后美國(guó)城市危機(jī)的表現(xiàn),并在此基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)城市危機(jī)的原因進(jìn)行了深入系統(tǒng)的分析。 第一部分從美國(guó)城市的發(fā)展概況入手,簡(jiǎn)述了美國(guó)工業(yè)化與城市化的進(jìn)程。到1920年美國(guó)實(shí)現(xiàn)了城市化,此后進(jìn)入郊區(qū)化的發(fā)展階段。二戰(zhàn)后,過(guò)度的郊區(qū)化給中心城市帶來(lái)了極大的危害,引起城市危機(jī)。本部分從三個(gè)方面描述了城市危機(jī)的表現(xiàn),即中心城市人口的減少、城市社會(huì)的動(dòng)蕩(種族暴亂頻發(fā),犯罪率居高不下)、城市社區(qū)的衰敗(居住條件惡化,貧民窟的大量存在)。 在第一部分的基礎(chǔ)上,第二、三、四、五部分都對(duì)城市危機(jī)的原因進(jìn)行了深刻的論述。 第二部分認(rèn)為種族歧視和種族隔離無(wú)處不在。有歧視就有不平等,不平等的住房、教育和就業(yè)最終導(dǎo)致了黑人和少數(shù)民族的貧困,中心城市居民的貧困引發(fā)城市危機(jī)。此外,種族歧視引發(fā)種族矛盾和黑人騷亂,使得中心城市變成最不安定的居住和投資場(chǎng)所,進(jìn)一步加深了中心城市的衰落。 第三部分從經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展的宏觀(guān)角度進(jìn)行論述,說(shuō)明整個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整加速了中心城市的衰落。戰(zhàn)后,美國(guó)進(jìn)入后工業(yè)社會(huì),經(jīng)濟(jì)呈現(xiàn)去工業(yè)化的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。工業(yè)、制造業(yè)等傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展緩慢,工廠(chǎng)倒閉,生產(chǎn)規(guī)模大幅度縮水,出現(xiàn)了大批的廢棄廠(chǎng)房,中心城市變成最糟糕的投資場(chǎng)所。雖然服務(wù)業(yè)的興起也提供了相當(dāng)一部分就業(yè),但遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能彌補(bǔ)傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)的衰落所造成的損失,并且一部分服務(wù)業(yè)在興起之時(shí),就緊隨著服務(wù)對(duì)象的郊區(qū)化來(lái)到郊區(qū)。這樣中心城市就伴隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整衰落了。 第四部分首先論述了紅線(xiàn)制度的產(chǎn)生及其概念。紅線(xiàn)制度把中心城市社區(qū)劃歸為高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、低償還能力的區(qū)域,信貸行業(yè)因此拒絕給與貸款,中心城市得不到貸款就很難發(fā)展振興。其次,貸款機(jī)構(gòu)在其公開(kāi)的歧視性行為遭到抗議之后,采取了更為隱蔽的方法來(lái)實(shí)行紅線(xiàn)制度,如:提高首付、歧視性評(píng)估、高利率、較短的貸款年限及采用心理上的紅線(xiàn)制度等。由于紅線(xiàn)制度的存在,中心城市得不到貸款資金,發(fā)展受限,加劇了中心城市的衰落。 第五部分主要論述了產(chǎn)業(yè)的郊區(qū)化。由于制造業(yè)、商業(yè)和服務(wù)業(yè)的郊區(qū)化,使得中心城市就業(yè)減少,人口也隨之流向郊區(qū),過(guò)度的郊區(qū)化導(dǎo)致了中心城市的衰落。
[Abstract]:The American city crisis in the post - war era is a remarkable problem since the 1960s , and has attracted extensive attention from scholars at home and abroad .


Based on the previous research , this paper tries to show the performance of the post - war American city crisis and analyze the causes of the urban crisis .


The first part starts with the development of American cities , briefly introduces the process of industrialization and urbanization in the United States . By 1920 , the United States realized urbanization , and then entered the development stage of suburbanization . After World War II , excessive urbanization brought great harm to the central city , which caused the city crisis .


On the basis of the first part , the second , the third , the fourth and the fifth part deeply discuss the causes of the urban crisis .


The second part considered racial discrimination and apartheid to be pervasive . There was discrimination on inequality , unequal housing , education and employment , which ultimately led to the poverty of black and ethnic minorities , the poverty of the central urban population led to the urban crisis . In addition , racial discrimination caused ethnic tensions and black riots , turning the central city into the most unstable place of residence and investment , further deepening the decline of the central city .


In the third part , from the macro perspective of economic and social development , the adjustment of the whole economic structure has accelerated the decline of the central city . After the war , the development of the traditional industries such as industry , manufacturing and other traditional industries has been slow , the factory closures and the production scale have shrunk greatly .


The fourth part firstly discusses the emergence and the concept of the red line system . The red line system classifies the central city community as high - risk and low - paying ability . The credit industry thus refuses to give loans . The central city can ' t get the loan . Secondly , the loan institution adopts a more subtle way to implement the red - line system , such as raising the first - payment , the discriminatory assessment , the high interest rate , the shorter loan period and the psychological red - line system .


The fifth part mainly discusses the suburbanization of the industry . Because of the suburbanization of manufacturing , commercial and service industries , the employment of the central city is reduced and the population flows to the suburbs , which leads to the decline of the central city .

【學(xué)位授予單位】：河北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K712

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前2條

1 陳姣;理性增長(zhǎng)的中國(guó)化研究[D];湖南師范大學(xué);2011年

2 白露;美國(guó)城市化進(jìn)程中的黑人居住隔離問(wèn)題研究[D];遼寧大學(xué);2011年

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本文編號(hào)：1813629