本文選題：平等法律保護(hù)條款 + 黑人權(quán)利��； 參考：《山東大學(xué)》2009年碩士論文

【摘要】： 在美國重建時(shí)期,為了保護(hù)剛剛獲得解放的黑人的權(quán)利,聯(lián)邦國會(huì)以憲法條款的形式制定了“平等法律保護(hù)條款”�！捌降确杀Ｗo(hù)條款”制定的本源目的就是保護(hù)黑人的平等權(quán)利,但是,隨著南方重建的結(jié)束,南方各州通過規(guī)避“平等法律保護(hù)條款”的手段,剝奪了黑人的選舉權(quán),又在南方社會(huì)確立了種族隔離,使“平等法律保護(hù)條款”在保護(hù)黑人方面,處于事實(shí)上的蟄伏狀態(tài),這一狀況一直持續(xù)到20世紀(jì)50年代。 本文的重點(diǎn)就是研究“平等法律保護(hù)條款”在保護(hù)黑人平等權(quán)利方面蟄伏的原因。全文約三萬字,共分為五個(gè)部分。 第一部分,“平等法律保護(hù)條款”的出臺(tái)及蟄伏。在南方重建的過程中,黑人逐漸獲得了公民權(quán)、選舉權(quán)等權(quán)利,還獲得了保障他們權(quán)利的“平等法律保護(hù)”。但是隨著南方重建結(jié)束,“平等法律保護(hù)條款”在保護(hù)黑人權(quán)利方面蟄伏了,黑人的政治權(quán)利一步一步喪失,并且在南方的社會(huì)生活中確立了全面的種族隔離。 第二部分,“平等法律保護(hù)條款”蟄伏的自身因素。“平等法律保護(hù)條款”在起草的過程中,為了調(diào)和共和黨內(nèi)兩派的不同意見,條款的措詞由明確向模糊轉(zhuǎn)變。而且,“平等法律保護(hù)條款”不論是在聯(lián)邦國會(huì)的制定過程中,還是在各州的批準(zhǔn)過程中,都存在合憲性的爭(zhēng)議,這嚴(yán)重削弱了“平等法律保護(hù)條款”的合法性和權(quán)威性,為“平等法律保護(hù)條款”長(zhǎng)期無法發(fā)揮應(yīng)有的效力埋下了伏筆。 第三部分,“平等法律保護(hù)條款”蟄伏的政治因素。南方重建結(jié)束后,由于共和黨失去了對(duì)聯(lián)邦眾議院的控制以及工業(yè)化的開始,聯(lián)邦國會(huì)的重心轉(zhuǎn)移到經(jīng)濟(jì)政策方面,對(duì)種族問題漸趨沉默。而且,北方自由主義者的妥協(xié)以及黑人運(yùn)動(dòng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人對(duì)白人思想的從眾都導(dǎo)致了“平等法律保護(hù)條款”無法發(fā)揮保護(hù)黑人的作用。 第四部分,“平等法律保護(hù)條款”蟄伏的法律因素。主要指聯(lián)邦最高法院以其保守主義理念,對(duì)“平等法律保護(hù)條款”的狹隘解讀,用形式平等取代實(shí)質(zhì)平等,嚴(yán)重限制了“平等法律保護(hù)條款”作用的發(fā)揮。 第五部分,“平等法律保護(hù)條款”蟄伏的影響。“平等法律保護(hù)條款”的蟄伏,黑人失去了保護(hù)他們權(quán)利的法律依據(jù),這對(duì)黑人產(chǎn)生了極其惡劣的影響,惡化了黑人和白人的種族關(guān)系,白人還通過對(duì)黑人的暴力等行為,鞏固了他們的白人至上主義。黑人權(quán)利喪失后,淪為分成制雇農(nóng)也嚴(yán)重阻礙了南方經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。當(dāng)然,黑人的二等公民地位也是美國民主制的一大污點(diǎn)。
[Abstract]:During the reconstruction of the United States, in order to protect the rights of newly liberated blacks, the Federal Congress enacted the Equal legal Protection Clause in the form of constitutional provisions. The original purpose of the "Equal legal Protection Clause" was to protect the equal rights of blacks. However, with the end of the South's reconstruction, the Southern States deprived black people of their right to vote by circumventing the "Equal legal Protection Clause". In the southern society, apartheid was established, making the "equal legal protection clause" a de facto dormant state in the protection of blacks, which lasted until the 1950s. The focus of this paper is to study the reasons why the Equal legal Protection Clause is dormant in protecting the equal rights of black people. The full text about 30,000 words, a total of five parts. The first part is the introduction and dormancy of the equal legal protection clause. During the reconstruction of the South, blacks gradually gained citizenship, the right to vote, and the equal legal protection of their rights. However, with the end of the reconstruction of the South, the Equal legal Protection Clause was dormant in the protection of black rights, the political rights of the blacks were lost step by step, and the complete apartheid was established in the social life of the South. The second part, "the equal legal protection clause" dormant own factor. In the process of drafting the Equal legal Protection Clause, the wording of the provision changed from explicit to vague in order to reconcile the different views of the Republican Party. Moreover, the "Equal legal Protection Clause", whether in the course of the enactment of the Federal Congress or in the process of ratification by the states, is subject to constitutional controversy, which seriously weakens the legitimacy and authority of the Equal legal Protection Clause. For the "equal legal protection clause" can not play its due effect for a long time. The third part, "the equal legal protection clause" dormant political factor. After the reconstruction of the South, the Republican Party lost control of the Federal House of Representatives and the beginning of industrialization, the focus of the Federal Congress shifted to economic policy, gradually became silent on the issue of race. Moreover, the compromise of northern liberals and the conformity of black movement leaders to white ideas have led to the failure of the Equal legal Protection Clause to protect blacks. The fourth part, "the equal legal protection clause" dormant legal factor. The Federal Supreme Court mainly refers to the narrow interpretation of "equal legal protection clause" by the Federal Supreme Court with its conservative idea, and replaces substantive equality with formal equality, which seriously limits the function of "equal legal protection clause". The fifth part is about the dormant influence of the equal legal protection clause. The "equal legal protection clause" was dormant, and blacks lost the legal basis to protect their rights, which had an extremely bad effect on blacks, worsening the racial relations between blacks and whites, and whites through acts of violence against blacks, etc. Consolidated their white supremacy. After the loss of black rights, reduced to share farming also seriously hindered the economic development of the South. Black second-class citizenship, of course, is also a stain on American democracy.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號(hào)】：D971.2;DD911;K712.5

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 曾一璇;肯定性行動(dòng)的合法性爭(zhēng)論：贊成與反對(duì)[D];華東師范大學(xué);2010年

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本文編號(hào)：1777983