本文選題：杜魯門　切入點(diǎn)：充分就業(yè)　出處：《魯東大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：隨著第二次世界大戰(zhàn)的爆發(fā)，美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)需求的刺激之下迅速發(fā)展起來(lái)。二戰(zhàn)期間美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)取得了輝煌的成就，失業(yè)率下降到了幾乎可以忽略的程度，一直困擾聯(lián)邦政府的就業(yè)問(wèn)題在戰(zhàn)時(shí)得到了比較充分的解決。隨著二戰(zhàn)的結(jié)束，美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)從戰(zhàn)時(shí)機(jī)制向和平機(jī)制轉(zhuǎn)軌。軍工產(chǎn)業(yè)的萎縮將導(dǎo)致大批軍工制造業(yè)工人下崗，前線戰(zhàn)事的結(jié)束也將使大批退伍軍人涌入國(guó)內(nèi)就業(yè)市場(chǎng)。倘若規(guī)模龐大的勞動(dòng)大軍在戰(zhàn)后不能順利找到工作，會(huì)對(duì)美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)帶來(lái)不利影響。于是，就業(yè)問(wèn)題成為美國(guó)聯(lián)邦政府必須直面的政策重點(diǎn)。 為了確保美國(guó)在戰(zhàn)后能維持充分就業(yè)的局面，保證美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)在戰(zhàn)后能繼續(xù)保持穩(wěn)定繁榮，聯(lián)邦政府采取了一系列的措施。其實(shí)，早在戰(zhàn)時(shí)的1944年6月22日，羅斯�？偨y(tǒng)就簽署了《1944年軍人權(quán)利法》，以處理戰(zhàn)后退伍軍人的安置問(wèn)題。該法案實(shí)施后取得了良好的效果，，對(duì)美國(guó)教育、經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展起到了積極作用。在羅斯�？偨y(tǒng)逝世后，杜魯門入主白宮，他上臺(tái)后積極推進(jìn)退伍軍人復(fù)員工作的進(jìn)行，同時(shí)督促制定充分就業(yè)立法�！�1945年充分就業(yè)議案”引起了美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)各種勢(shì)力的爭(zhēng)論。1946年2月20日，杜魯門總統(tǒng)簽署了《1946年就業(yè)法》，就業(yè)法雖然由“1945年充分就業(yè)議案”演變而來(lái)，但是其中有關(guān)“充分”就業(yè)的內(nèi)容被“最大限度的”就業(yè)所代替。 誠(chéng)然，杜魯門時(shí)期美國(guó)聯(lián)邦政府實(shí)行的就業(yè)政策并沒(méi)有真正達(dá)到“充分就業(yè)”的政策目標(biāo)。但這并不妨礙該聯(lián)邦政府的就業(yè)政策所具有的承前啟后的劃時(shí)代意義，如果說(shuō)“新政”時(shí)期的“以工代賑”迫使美國(guó)聯(lián)邦政府在“大蕭條”的特定背景下對(duì)民眾就業(yè)承擔(dān)起部分責(zé)任的話，那么杜魯門時(shí)期聯(lián)邦政府的就業(yè)政策表明，在和平時(shí)期聯(lián)邦政府開(kāi)始對(duì)就業(yè)問(wèn)題承擔(dān)起了責(zé)任，并拉開(kāi)了此后聯(lián)邦政府實(shí)行積極有效的就業(yè)措施的序幕。
[Abstract]:With the outbreak of World War II, the American economy grew rapidly, spurred by the need for war. During the second World War, the American economy achieved remarkable results, and the unemployment rate fell to an almost negligible level. The employment problem that has plagued the federal government has been more fully resolved during wartime. With the end of World War II, the American economy has shifted from wartime to peaceful mechanisms. The shrinking of the military industry will result in a large number of military manufacturing workers being laid off. The end of the war on the front line will also send a large number of veterans into the domestic job market. If a large labor force fails to find a job after the war, it will have a negative impact on the U.S. economy. Employment has become a policy priority that the federal government must face up to. In order to ensure that the United States maintains full employment after the war and that the American economy remains stable and prosperous after the war, the federal government has taken a series of measures. In fact, as early as June 22, 1944, President Roosevelt signed the military Rights Act 1944 to deal with the placement of postwar veterans. The Act achieved good results and played a positive role in education and economic development in the United States after the death of President Roosevelt. Truman took office in the White House. After he took office, he actively promoted the demobilization of veterans and urged the enactment of full employment legislation. The 1945 full Employment Bill aroused controversy among various forces in the United States. On February 20, 1946, President Truman signed the Employment Act 1946. Although the Employment Act evolved from the "full Employment Act of 1945", the content of "full employment" was replaced by "maximum" employment. It is true that the employment policy carried out by the United States Federal Government during the Truman period did not really achieve the policy objective of "full employment." but it does not prevent the epoch-making significance of the federal employment policy as a link between the past and the future. If the "food-for-work" era of the "New deal" forced the United States federal government to assume part of its responsibility for employment in the specific context of the "Great Depression", then the employment policy of the Truman federal government showed that. In peacetime, the federal government began to take responsibility for the employment problem, and started the prologue of the active and effective employment measures carried out by the federal government.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：魯東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：K153

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