本文選題：美國(guó)知識(shí)分子　切入點(diǎn)：核武器　出處：《華東師范大學(xué)》2012年博士論文

【摘要】：二十世紀(jì)四五十年代,核武器與冷戰(zhàn)形勢(shì)的出現(xiàn)和不斷發(fā)展,帶動(dòng)了美國(guó)知識(shí)界圍繞著核武器與國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略進(jìn)行了廣泛的思考,在社會(huì)科學(xué)界造就了一批研究核戰(zhàn)略的戰(zhàn)略學(xué)者(又稱民間戰(zhàn)略家),如布羅迪、福克斯、沃爾弗斯、瓦伊納、奧斯古德、謝林、基辛格、卡恩、沃爾斯泰特、考夫曼、希契、特納、哈恩、卡普蘭、希爾斯曼、坎內(nèi)爾等。這些學(xué)者通過出版著作、發(fā)表文章、撰寫報(bào)告、發(fā)表演講等多種方式充分表達(dá)了自己的思想,涉及內(nèi)容廣泛,產(chǎn)生了優(yōu)秀而豐富的思想成果,涉及核武器的軍事與政治意義與影響、核武器與威懾戰(zhàn)略、全面戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)與有限戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)理論、恐怖平衡理論、核武器對(duì)一般國(guó)際關(guān)系以及西方同盟關(guān)系的影響、核武器與民防計(jì)劃、核武器的控制、核裁軍、核擴(kuò)散等諸多問題。 這些思想是與冷戰(zhàn)時(shí)代核武器及其形勢(shì)的發(fā)展、與美國(guó)國(guó)家核戰(zhàn)略的發(fā)展相伴而行的。有些是對(duì)核武器本身影響的思考,有些是對(duì)美蘇冷戰(zhàn)特別是核軍備競(jìng)賽形勢(shì)的反應(yīng),有些是對(duì)美國(guó)官方核戰(zhàn)略的批評(píng)和建議,還有對(duì)核威脅下民眾安全與生活的關(guān)懷。這些思考與討論,通常與官方的核政策產(chǎn)生一些互動(dòng),有些觀點(diǎn)或許被政府和軍方采納從而對(duì)官方的政策產(chǎn)生影響；或許不被采納,但也會(huì)為官方或民眾看待這些問題開闊了視野、增加了角度。其中在五十年代,他們圍繞著“大規(guī)模報(bào)復(fù)”戰(zhàn)略,對(duì)熱核時(shí)代的威懾戰(zhàn)略的思考與討論,帶動(dòng)了美國(guó)朝野各界對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)美國(guó)核戰(zhàn)略的廣泛探討,為五十年代到六十年代美國(guó)核戰(zhàn)略的轉(zhuǎn)變——由“大規(guī)模報(bào)復(fù)”向“靈活反應(yīng)”,由全面戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)戰(zhàn)略向以“確保摧毀”為后盾的有限戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)戰(zhàn)略的轉(zhuǎn)變——發(fā)揮了巨大的推動(dòng)作用。 此外,核問題既是歷史問題,更是現(xiàn)實(shí)問題。冷戰(zhàn)早已結(jié)束,發(fā)生大規(guī)模核戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的危險(xiǎn)基本消除了,但它遺留的核擴(kuò)散的危險(xiǎn)加大了,那就是不負(fù)責(zé)任的國(guó)家行為體和以恐怖分子為代表的非國(guó)家行為體獲取核武器的努力愈加威脅著世界大多數(shù)國(guó)家和民眾的安全。而中國(guó)已成為世界上擁有核鄰國(guó)最多的國(guó)家,并且與這些鄰國(guó)關(guān)系復(fù)雜,某些地區(qū)局勢(shì)始終不穩(wěn)定,這都成為中國(guó)極大的安全隱患。通過對(duì)核武器發(fā)展前期美國(guó)知識(shí)分子戰(zhàn)略思想的研究,我們能夠從中汲取一些智慧、經(jīng)驗(yàn)和教訓(xùn),為解決以上國(guó)際問題和中國(guó)自身問題提供些許的借鑒。
[Abstract]:In the 1940s and 1950s, the emergence and continuous development of nuclear weapons and the cold war situation led the American intellectual community to think extensively about nuclear weapons and national strategies. In the social science community, a group of strategic scholars who study nuclear strategy (also known as folk strategists, such as Brody, Fox, Wolvers, Wainer, Osgood, Schelling, Kissinger, Kahn, Walter Stetter, Kaufman, Hitchi, Turner, Hahn, Kaplan, Hilsmann, Cannell, and so on. These scholars have fully expressed their ideas by publishing works, publishing articles, writing reports, giving speeches, and so on. Has produced excellent and rich ideological results, involving the military and political significance and influence of nuclear weapons, nuclear weapons and deterrence strategies, the theory of total war and limited war, the theory of balance of terror, The impact of nuclear weapons on general international relations and Western alliances, nuclear weapons and civil defense programs, nuclear control, nuclear disarmament, nuclear proliferation and many other issues. These ideas go hand in hand with the development of nuclear weapons and their situation during the cold war and with the development of the national nuclear strategy of the United States. Some are reflections on the impact of nuclear weapons itself, and some are reactions to the Cold War, especially the nuclear arms race, between the United States and the Soviet Union. Some are criticism and suggestions about the official nuclear strategy of the United States, and there is concern for the safety and livelihood of the people under the nuclear threat. These thoughts and discussions usually have some interaction with the official nuclear policy. Some views may be adopted by the government and the military to have an impact on official policy; they may not be adopted, but they will also broaden the perspective and increase the perspective of the official or the public. Their thinking and discussion of the deterrent strategy of the thermonuclear era around the strategy of "large-scale retaliation" has led to extensive discussion of the nuclear strategy of the United States by various circles in the United States. The transformation of American nuclear strategy from "large-scale retaliation" to "flexible response" from the 1950s to the sixties, from the overall war strategy to the limited war strategy backed by "ensuring destruction" has played a great role in promoting it. In addition, the nuclear issue is both a historical and a practical issue. The Cold War has long since ended, and the danger of large-scale nuclear war has basically been eliminated, but its legacy of nuclear proliferation has increased. That is, the efforts of irresponsible state actors and non-State actors, represented by terrorists, to acquire nuclear weapons are increasingly threatening the security of most countries and people in the world. And China has become the country with the largest number of nuclear neighbours in the world. And the complex relations with these neighboring countries and the unstable situation in some regions have become a great security hazard for China. Through the study of the strategic thinking of American intellectuals in the early stages of the development of nuclear weapons, we can draw some wisdom from it. Experience and lessons for solving the above international problems and China's own problems to provide some reference.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：E712;K712

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