本文選題：凱末爾時(shí)代　切入點(diǎn)：婦女解放運(yùn)動(dòng)　出處：《山西大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：土耳其婦女的解放思潮覺醒于19世紀(jì)初期。隨著奧斯曼帝國日益衰落,一些開明的知識(shí)分子認(rèn)識(shí)到想要恢復(fù)帝國榮耀,就必須向西方學(xué)習(xí),走世俗的現(xiàn)代化道路。其中一些上層人士和精英團(tuán)體在借鑒與模仿西方模式的過程中,開始意識(shí)到婦女階層在歷史進(jìn)程中的重要作用。坦志馬特時(shí)期,改革者就曾通過建立女子學(xué)校為婦女爭(zhēng)取受教育權(quán),哈米德二世時(shí)期,解放思潮已經(jīng)在潛移默化中對(duì)婦女團(tuán)體產(chǎn)生影響,至青年土耳其黨時(shí)期,婦女的世俗權(quán)利不僅在教育領(lǐng)域,同時(shí)也在法律方面逐漸擴(kuò)大。雖然在奧斯曼帝國末期,國家仍處于教權(quán)控制之下,婦女權(quán)利并未徹底實(shí)現(xiàn),但是婦女解放思潮在此時(shí)已經(jīng)開始生根發(fā)芽。20世紀(jì)初期,凱末爾執(zhí)政以來,他先后廢除蘇丹制和哈里發(fā)制,建立獨(dú)立的土耳其共和國,并且致力于開展解放土耳其婦女運(yùn)動(dòng)。在進(jìn)行世俗化改革的過程中,他針對(duì)婦女解放問題采取了四方面的措施:政治方面,廢除伊斯蘭教奉行的沙里亞法,頒布法典賦予土耳其女性在婚姻、財(cái)產(chǎn)、繼承、選舉與被選舉權(quán)等方面的權(quán)利,使女性作為一個(gè)公民擁有獨(dú)立的政治權(quán)力;教育方面,普及女性受教育權(quán),創(chuàng)建男女同校制度,提高土耳其婦女思想和教育水平,為參與政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)生活創(chuàng)造條件;經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域,擴(kuò)大婦女在農(nóng)業(yè)、工業(yè)以及服務(wù)業(yè)的比例,頒布《勞動(dòng)法》保護(hù)婦女的工作時(shí)長(zhǎng)、時(shí)薪不受剝削,使婦女階層逐漸成為現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)中不可忽視的力量;社會(huì)生活方面,廢除女性佩戴面紗、身穿長(zhǎng)袍的舊習(xí),鼓勵(lì)女性建立屬于自己的團(tuán)體組織,豐富女性文化生活,將婦女從家庭生活中解放,創(chuàng)造一個(gè)嶄新的土耳其婦女形象。凱末爾通過世俗改革使婦女階層擺脫了幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來宗教的束縛,婦女長(zhǎng)期被壓抑的精神生活獲得解放,她們從家庭的附屬品逐漸過渡成為獨(dú)立的個(gè)體。新的土耳其婦女形象造就了嶄新的現(xiàn)代生活觀念,同時(shí)也為社會(huì)的發(fā)展樹立了新風(fēng)。回顧歷史,在共和國初期凱末爾指導(dǎo)下的婦女解放運(yùn)動(dòng)雖然同世界其他發(fā)達(dá)國家相比依然存在差距,但這種傳統(tǒng)主義與現(xiàn)代主義沖突下的婦女解放運(yùn)動(dòng)不僅是中東地區(qū),同時(shí)也是世界其他國家值得研究和探討的重要問題。
[Abstract]:The emancipation trend of Turkish women was awakened in the early 19 th century.With the decline of the Ottoman Empire, some enlightened intellectuals realized that in order to restore the glory of the Empire, they had to learn from the West and follow the secular road of modernization.In the process of learning from and imitating the western model, some upper class and elite groups began to realize the important role of women's stratum in the historical process.In Tanzimat's time, reformers fought for women's right to education through the establishment of girls' schools. During the reign of Hamid II, liberation trends had a subtle influence on women's groups, until the time of the Youth Turkish Party.Women's secular rights are expanding not only in the field of education, but also in law.Although at the end of the Ottoman Empire, the country was still under the control of religious power and the rights of women were not fully realized, the trend of thought of women's liberation began to take root at this time.He abolished the Sultan system and the caliphate, established an independent Turkish republic, and devoted himself to the liberation of Turkish women's movement.In the course of the secularization reform, he took four measures in response to the emancipation of women: politically, by abolishing the sharia law practised by Islam, and by promulgating a code that gave Turkish women the right to marriage, property, inheritance,The right to vote and the right to be elected gives women independent political power as a citizen; in the field of education, the right of women to education is popularized, the system of coeducation is created, and the level of thought and education of Turkish women is improved.Create conditions for participation in political and economic life; increase the proportion of women in agriculture, industry and services in the economic sphere; enact the Labour Code to protect women from exploitation of their hours of work and hourly pay,In social life, the old custom of women wearing veils and robes was abolished, and women were encouraged to set up their own organizations to enrich their cultural life.Liberate women from family life and create a new image of Turkish women.Kemal, through the secular reform, freed the women class from the bondage of religion for centuries, liberated the long-suppressed spiritual life of women, and gradually transformed them from family accessories to independent individuals.The new image of Turkish women not only creates a new concept of modern life, but also sets up a new trend for the development of society.Recalling the history of the women's liberation movement under the guidance of Kemal in the early days of the Republic, although there is still a gap compared to other developed countries in the world, this traditionalist and modernist movement of women's liberation is not only in the Middle East,At the same time, it is also an important issue worth studying and discussing in other countries of the world.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山西大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：K374

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