本文關(guān)鍵詞：加洛林時代史學(xué)成就探微，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。

        加洛林時代其時間跨度為公元8世紀(jì)中葉至公元10世紀(jì)末,長達(dá)230余年。期間,一個獨具特色的西方基督教文明基本形成,實為西方文明的早期發(fā)展階段。尤其是在所謂“加洛林文藝復(fù)興”的促進(jìn)下,這一時段遺留下數(shù)量眾多、類型繁雜的文獻(xiàn)史料,如年代記、編年史、帝王傳記、圣徒行傳以及各個修道院和主教區(qū)的歷史等,它們皆為早期西方文明研究不可或缺的基礎(chǔ)文獻(xiàn)。然而,迄今為止,國內(nèi)學(xué)術(shù)界對其研究微乎其微,無論是譯介的史料,還是西方史學(xué)史教材中詳加介紹的史料僅限于一部愛因哈德的《查理大帝傳》,為了夯實研究早期西方文明的基礎(chǔ),對于加洛林時代史學(xué)成就的研究勢在必行,通過本項研究,要實現(xiàn)如下目標(biāo)：基本厘清加洛林時代各種史學(xué)體裁的緣起及流變、重要史家及其作品的概況,對于加洛林時代史學(xué)修撰事業(yè)相對繁盛的歷史動因、加洛林時代史學(xué)成就的歷史特點及在西方史學(xué)發(fā)展鏈條中的歷史地位等問題詳加探究。本研究共有四部分構(gòu)成,即前加洛林時代的西方基督教史學(xué)、加洛林史學(xué)崛起的原因、加洛林史學(xué)的各種體例、加洛林史學(xué)的特點。第一章主要論述了加洛林時代之前,西方基督教史學(xué)的發(fā)展歷程。自公元3世紀(jì)起,伴隨著羅馬帝國的奴隸制危機,曾經(jīng)輝煌一時的古典文化漸趨沒落,古典史學(xué)也與古典文化的其它分支一樣失去了往日的光彩。在帝國政權(quán)崩塌傾圮的同時,原本受到壓制的基督教會大為發(fā)展,世俗權(quán)威與宗教權(quán)威的此消彼長,使人們的思想深處經(jīng)歷了一場以神性取代人性的“革命”,這場革命使上帝走進(jìn)了史學(xué)領(lǐng)域,于是基督教史學(xué)取代了先前的古典史學(xué),尤西比烏斯、圣·奧古斯丁、奧盧西烏斯等教父學(xué)者成為了帝國后期基督教史學(xué)的先行者。而在西羅馬帝國滅亡之后,由于戰(zhàn)亂以及剛剛?cè)胫魑拿鞯貐^(qū)的日耳曼人的文化落后,使得西方史學(xué)的水準(zhǔn)在早期基督教史學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)一步下滑,西哥特、東哥特、盎格魯-薩克遜、墨洛溫法蘭克等諸蠻族王國的史學(xué)狀況均大抵如是：少寫寡作且質(zhì)量低劣,“民族史”、編年史、圣徒傳等體裁大行其道。第二章主要論述了加洛林時代史學(xué)崛起的原因,加洛林時代史學(xué)的崛起主要體現(xiàn)在史學(xué)作品的數(shù)量遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過了西羅馬帝國滅亡后的那幾個黑暗世紀(jì),在加洛林時代,由于查理大帝發(fā)動了一系列復(fù)興古典文化的舉措,使得更多的人掌握了文字這一保存歷史記憶的工具,所以加洛林時代的史學(xué)創(chuàng)造力要優(yōu)于西羅馬帝國滅亡后的那幾個黑暗的世紀(jì)。另外,加洛林法蘭克人主要使用的書寫材料——皮紙對于他們保存歷史記憶的活動有著重要的影響,由于皮紙材質(zhì)的不易腐爛,使得加洛林法蘭克人建立在“加洛林文藝復(fù)興”基礎(chǔ)之上的史學(xué)成果——原創(chuàng)性的史作和謄抄的前代史作能夠以較大的數(shù)量留傳至今。第三章主要論述了加洛林時代的各種史學(xué)體裁,包括編年史、年代記、帝王傳記、宗教人物傳記、政治見聞錄和政治學(xué)說史。編年史是由早期基督教史家阿非利加納創(chuàng)立的,這種史學(xué)體裁由于在形式上充分反映了基督教的線性時間觀念而一直活躍不衰。加洛林史家在繼承該體裁原有寫作范式的基礎(chǔ)上,對這種體裁形式進(jìn)行了某些改良,以合乎新的時代要求。年代記是由盎格魯-薩克遜傳至法蘭克的一種史學(xué)體裁,它在數(shù)百年的時間里經(jīng)歷了由修道院撰寫的言詞簡練的小年代記向?qū)m廷撰寫的內(nèi)容詳盡的大年代記的轉(zhuǎn)變。帝王傳記這一古老的史學(xué)體裁在基督教史學(xué)興起后便歸于消亡,然而在呼喚英雄的加洛林時代,它又重新崛起。在政教合作頻頻上演、基督教會勢力不斷壯大的背景下,反映宗教人物的史學(xué)體裁在加洛林時代依然活躍,其中,就包括了舊有的圣徒傳,以及模仿羅馬歷代教皇傳而形成的新的史學(xué)體裁-歷代主教或歷代住持傳。在政治活動和軍事斗爭波瀾壯闊的加洛林時代,能夠反映時代主題的政治見聞錄和政治學(xué)說史也重新出現(xiàn),它們記錄了同時代的歷史,也為后世留下了一系列教育帝王和皇子,探討皇權(quán)與教權(quán)關(guān)系的政治思想。第四章主要論述了加洛林史學(xué)的特點,包括古典氣息的隱約復(fù)現(xiàn)、基督教史學(xué)傳統(tǒng)的繼承與發(fā)展、多軌并馳的修史格局、傾向性的史書內(nèi)容、新舊兼具的認(rèn)同意識。史學(xué)活動是特定社會條件和政治狀態(tài)所造就的一種文化活動,它在特定的歷史時期,由于不同的社會條件和政治狀態(tài)的作用,必然會呈現(xiàn)出不同的形態(tài)特點。在加洛林時代,由于“加洛林文藝復(fù)興”在一定程度上改變了中古早期西歐世界形同荒漠的文化狀態(tài),在較低的層次上“復(fù)活”了古典文化,故而,我們能夠從加洛林時代的歷史文獻(xiàn)中隱約看到古典史學(xué)的氣息,這是加洛林史家對古典史學(xué)加以簡單模仿的結(jié)果。加洛林時代也是西歐基督教文化史上的一個關(guān)鍵時期,在這一時期里,由尤西比烏斯開創(chuàng)的基督教史學(xué)傳統(tǒng)得到了繼承與發(fā)展,表現(xiàn)為公元紀(jì)年法的普遍應(yīng)用,線性史觀的繼承與發(fā)展。國內(nèi)學(xué)界傳統(tǒng)觀點認(rèn)為“中古西方的修史活動受教會控制”或“中古西方的修史活動仍為私家的修史活動”。而事實是加洛林時代存在著一種王/皇室、私人、修道院、主教區(qū)皆得參與的多元化的修史格局。國內(nèi)學(xué)界傳統(tǒng)觀點認(rèn)為“中古西方史學(xué)僅僅是一個為宗教神學(xué)服務(wù)的工具,并不依附于世俗的統(tǒng)治權(quán)力”。而事實是加洛林史學(xué)與中國古代的官修史學(xué)一樣,與王／皇室之間也存在著一種服務(wù)與支持的交互關(guān)系,只是這種交互關(guān)系并不像中國古代官修史學(xué)那樣組織化、制度化、體系化。加洛林時代是古典文明裂變?yōu)槲鞣轿拿鳌菡纪ノ拿�、伊斯蘭文明的關(guān)鍵時期,新舊文明的交替嬗變?yōu)榧勇辶謺r代的歷史文獻(xiàn)留下了“歐洲”與“羅馬”兩種新舊有別的認(rèn)同意識。

    The Carolingian period amounts to230years from in the middle of the eighth century to at the end of the ninth century. Meanwhile a unique western Christian civilization has taken shape. The period is the early periods of western civilization development. Because of the boost of the so-called Carolingian renaissance, a large number and a wide variety of historiographies in the period is left over, such as annals, chronicles, biographies of emperors and kings, hagiographies and the histories of the various monasteries and episcopates, they are all indispensable basic documents on the study of the early periods of western civilization. However, so far the study of domestic academia on Carolingian historiography is very little, whether translation of the sources or source that is introduced detailedly in the history of western historiography textbook, Einhard’s Vita Karoli Magni is only a source. In order to consolidate the study foundation of the early periods of western civilization, it is imperative to study achievements of historiography in the Carolingian period. By means of the study, I will achieve the following objectives:clarify basically the origins and evolutions of various Carolingian historiography genres, survey of important historians and their works, study detailedly the history causes of historiography relative prosperity in the Carolingian period, historic features of achievements of historiography in the Carolingian period and historical position of achievements of historiography in the Carolingian period in the development chain of western historiography. This study includes4parts:western Christian historiography in the pre-Carolingian period, the cause of Carolingian historiography rose up, various genres of Carolingian historiography, features of Carolingian historiography.This first chapter mainly discussed the development history of the western Christian historiography in the pre-Carolingian period. Since the third century, with the slavery crisis of Rome Empire, once glorious classical culture gradually declined, and classical historiography lost its past glory as the other branch of classical culture. With the collapsed of the imperial regime, the Christian church once suppressed that developed greatly. The loss of the secular authority is the gain of the religious authority. It makes men’s soul experience a revolution on the divinity instead of humanity. By the revolution God walked into the historiography, Christian historiography replaced previous classical historiography, Eusebius, St Augustine and Orosius became forerunners of the Christian historiography in the later Roman Empire. After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, western historiography further declined on the basis of early Christian historiography because of fighting and Germans’cultural backwardness, they just entered civilized area. The historiography situation of the Visigoths, the Ostrogothics, the Anglo-Saxons, the Merovingian Franks were all so bad:the number of historiography was small and inferior in quality, national history, chronicle and hagiography made great strides.The second chapter mainly discussed the cause of Carolingian historiography rose up, this rise was mainly reflected in the number of historiography was far more than the several dark centuries after the collapse of Western Roman Empire. In the Carolingian period, historiography creativity was superior to that of the several dark centuries after Western Roman Empire because of Charlemagne initiated a series of measures to revive classical culture, making more persons possessed literacy that was tool of preserve history memory. The parchment was used by Franks as main writing materials. It played important role in conserving history memory in the Carolingian period. The large numbers of Franks’ historiography achievements in the Carolingian Renaissance-original historiography and the previous historiography was copied-could hand down to the present as non-perishable of the parchment.The third chapter mainly discussed several historiography genres in the Carolingian period, including chronicles, annals, biographies of emperors and kings, biographies of religionist, political travelogue and history of political theory. The chronicles were founded by Africanus who was a early Christian historian. This genre had been popular in the middle ages because its form reflected Christian linear concept of time. The Carolingian historians inherited original paradigm of the genre and made some improvements in order to meet the requirements of new era. The annals were spread from Anglo-Saxon to Frank. It experienced a change from succinct minor annals that were written by monasteries to full major annals that were written by palace during several hundred years. The biographies of emperors and kings were old genres, but it gradually declined after the starting of Christian historiography. However, it rose up again in the Carolingian because the time needed heroes. In the context of the Civil Government and Church cooperated frequently and Church was growing steadily, the biographies of religionist were still active, including old hagiography and new genre called the deeds of bishops or the deeds of abbots that modeled Roman Liber Episcopalis. There were sharp political activities and military struggle in the Carolingian, so political travelogue and history of political theory appeared again. They recorded contemporary history and left a series of political theories that educated emperors and princes and described the relations between imperial rights and religious rights.The fourth chapter mainly discussed the features of the Carolingian historiography, including classical style appeared vaguely again, inheritance and development of the Christian historiography tradition, plural historiography condition, historiography content of political tendency, identity sense of both new and old. The historiography activity was a cultural activity that was created by special social and political conditions. It was bound to show different morphological characters because of the role of different social and political conditions. In the Carolingian period, we can see vaguely that classical historiography’s style from the Carolingian historiography documents because that Carolingian renaissance changed in part cultural conditions of the western European world just like desert in the early middle ages. This was because that the Carolingian historians imitated crudely classical historiography. The Carolingian period was also a critical period of the history of Christian culture in the Western Europe. The Christian historiography tradition that was founded by Eusebius was inherited and developed in the period, for example, general application of AD, inheritance and development of linear view of history. The traditional opinions of the domestic academic circle claim that historiography activity was controlled by church in the west Europe during the middle ages and historiography activity was a private activity in the west Europe during the middle ages. In fact, there were several historiography orbits in the Carolingian period, including royal historiography, private historiography, monastery historiography, episcopate historiography. The whole historiography business was a plural condition. The traditional opinions of the domestic academic circle claim that medieval west historiography is only a tool for religion service, and it doesn’t depend on the secular power. In fact, the opinion doesn’t conform to the actual situation. As ancient Chinese official historiography, there is also an interactive relationship that includes dependence and service between Carolingian historiography and Carolingian royal house, but the interactive relationship is not organizational, institutionalized systematic as the interactive relationship of the ancient Chinese official historiography. The Carolingian period was a critical period that the classical civilization split into the Western civilization, the Byzantine civilization, Islamic civilization. The Carolingian historiography documents appeared two different sense of identity because of the alteration of new civilization and old civilization. A new sense of identity was "Europe". An old sense of identity was "Rome"

加洛林時代史學(xué)成就探微

摘要4-6Abstract6-8引言11-28第一章 前加洛林時代的西方基督教史學(xué)28-47    第一節(jié) 古典史學(xué)的沒落和基督教史學(xué)的興起28-36    第二節(jié) 西歐諸蠻族王國的史學(xué)狀況36-47第二章 加洛林史學(xué)崛起的原因47-64    第一節(jié) “加洛林文藝復(fù)興”的推動47-54    第二節(jié) 皮紙保存歷史記憶的功效54-64第三章 加洛林史學(xué)的各種體例64-110    第一節(jié) 世界編年史的延續(xù)和創(chuàng)新64-77    第二節(jié) 年代記的興起和嬗變77-85    第三節(jié) 帝王傳記的重現(xiàn)85-94    第四節(jié) 宗教人物傳記的盛行94-102    第五節(jié) 政治見聞錄和政治學(xué)說史的出現(xiàn)102-110第四章 加洛林史學(xué)的特點110-151    第一節(jié) 古典氣息的隱約復(fù)現(xiàn)110-119    第二節(jié) 基督教史學(xué)傳統(tǒng)的繼承和發(fā)展119-126    第三節(jié) 多軌并馳的修史格局126-134    第四節(jié) 傾向性的史書內(nèi)容134-143    第五節(jié) 新舊兼具的認(rèn)同意識143-151結(jié)論151-155參考文獻(xiàn)155-163后記163-165在學(xué)期間公開發(fā)表論文及著作情況165

  本文關(guān)鍵詞：加洛林時代史學(xué)成就探微，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。