本文選題：英國　切入點：社區(qū)　出處：《陜西師范大學》2008年碩士論文

【摘要】： 英國是最早經歷工業(yè)化、城市化的國家,也是最早被社會問題困擾的國家,尤其在經歷了第二次世界大戰(zhàn)之后,英國的城市遭到了極大的破壞。雖然英國政府在戰(zhàn)后初期興起城市復興運動,但也只是在表層緩解了戰(zhàn)后緊張局勢,從根本上并沒有解決社會問題,此時社區(qū)方案應運而生,從社區(qū)運動的興起、“社區(qū)發(fā)展項目”的出臺到“以社區(qū)為基礎的經濟發(fā)展”策略規(guī)劃指導,再到“社區(qū)新政”及鄰里方案的實施,社區(qū)最終從城市復興的邊緣者走向了主體地位,成為政府和市場之外的第三級力量。社區(qū)發(fā)展也從最初的自助救濟形式轉向了以政府為指導,以社區(qū)為主體多級伙伴關系共同行動的模式,城市復興也從物質更新轉變?yōu)樯鐣⒔洕铜h(huán)境的全面復興,從而推動了英國城市的多元化、社區(qū)化、民主化和綜合化發(fā)展。本文將社區(qū)發(fā)展與第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后英國的城市復興運動兩者結合起來,從社區(qū)在城市復興中的發(fā)展演變歷程入手,分析社區(qū)發(fā)展的方案是如何從邊緣走向主體地位,成為解決社會問題的有效方式,并對城市復興產生積極的影響,使城市從物質更新走向社區(qū)更新,從單向發(fā)展邁入全面復興。 本文主要包括五個部分。 第一部分,概覽了英國社區(qū)的研究現(xiàn)狀,總結了“社區(qū)”的概念特征,并考察了1945年以前的社區(qū)發(fā)展歷史。鑒于國內外多側重于社會學研究,本文嘗試從歷史的角度看待社區(qū)在英國城市復興中的發(fā)展歷程,對更好地認識英國歷史上的社區(qū)有著重要的意義。 第二部分,主要闡述了第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結束后英國初期的城市復興運動。英國政府所實施的策略,不管是興辦住房、建設新城還是城市規(guī)劃都偏重于物質的更新和重建,主要是短期的、需求管理和規(guī)劃政策的產物,而對社會問題則缺乏深刻的思考,認為僅靠政府的福利措施就可以解決社會需求。事實證明,政府的需求管理和單向保障帶來了沉重的財政負擔和許多社會問題,顯示出政府的無力。 第三部分,分別按照時間段論述了英國城市復興下的社區(qū)發(fā)展。20世紀60年代末到70年代末,社區(qū)處于初級發(fā)展階段。隨著社區(qū)運動的興起,“社區(qū)發(fā)展項目”作為主體城市項目“城市規(guī)劃”的輔助實驗性方案出臺,提倡以社區(qū)為單位應對城市問題,強調社區(qū)參與,但療效并不佳;70年代末到90年代末,社區(qū)發(fā)展經歷了兩個階段,先轉向以市場為先導的“以社區(qū)為基礎的經濟發(fā)展”策略,后又轉向綜合的伙伴關系,成為政府和市場之外的第三級力量;到了90年代末,隨著新工黨的上臺,社區(qū)上升為城市復興的主體,社區(qū)發(fā)展也從最初的社會救濟,轉變?yōu)槌鞘械慕洕�、環(huán)境和社會的全面發(fā)展,從物質更新轉為社區(qū)復興。 第四部分,論述了社區(qū)發(fā)展對英國城市復興的影響。它改變了城市復興的發(fā)展方向,從物質更新轉為社區(qū)更新;推動了城市多元化發(fā)展,由單一化走向多元化;完善了社會服務,使之更加人性化;并實現(xiàn)了社會保障社區(qū)化,減輕了福利國家的負擔;最終促進了城市民主化建設。 第五部分,總結了英國社區(qū)發(fā)展的模式,以及對英國社會產生的重要意義。不但形成社區(qū)互助與政府救助相結合的多元行動機制,而且還形成社區(qū)參與群體多樣化、服務網絡多元化的參與模式;并建立起職責明確的分散規(guī)劃模式,最終形成新工黨時期以“第三條道路”為指導的社區(qū)綜合復興,使英國社會走上良性發(fā)展的道路;同時還進一步展望了社區(qū)發(fā)展的未來,它將從有形的地域社區(qū)趨向于無形的虛擬社區(qū)。
[Abstract]:England is the first experience of industrialization, the city state, is also the earliest social problems afflicting the country, especially after the Second World War, the city was destroyed. Although the British government the rise of City Renaissance in the early postwar period, but only in the surface to ease the post-war tensions, from the fundamental can not solve social problems, the community scheme came into being, from the rise of community movement, "community development project" Introduction to "strategic planning guidance based on community economic development", then to "the implementation of community and neighborhood deal" scheme, finally from the revival of the city community edge towards the main position the government and the market, become the third force. The community development from the initial self relief form to the government as a guide, community-based multi-level partnership The mode of action of City Renaissance also from the material update for social change, the revival of the economy and the environment, so as to promote the diversification of British city community, democracy and comprehensive development. The community development and the Second World War the British city revival movement in the two together, starting from the development in the community the revitalization of the city history, analysis of community development plan is how to go from the edge of the main position, become the effective way to solve the social problems, and have a positive impact on the city renewal, city renewal towards community updates from the material, from one-way development into the overall rejuvenation.
This article mainly includes five parts.
The first part, an overview of the research status of the British community, summed up the concept of "community", and the effects of community development history before 1945. In view of the domestic and foreign research focus in the society, this paper attempts to look at the development process of the city community in England in the Renaissance from the perspective of history, has an important significance for the better understanding the history of England community.
The second part mainly expounds the city revival movement in the United Kingdom early after the Second World War. The British government's strategy, whether it is in housing, the construction of the metro or city planning emphasizes material renewal and reconstruction, mainly short-term, product demand management and planning policy, and lack of social problems deep thinking, think what government welfare measures can address the needs of the society. In fact, demand management of the government and the security check has brought a heavy financial burden and many social problems, shows that the government is powerless.
The third part discusses respectively in accordance with the time under the British Renaissance city community development.20 century at the end of 60s to the end of 70s, the community is in the primary stage of development. With the development of community sports, "the introduction of auxiliary experimental scheme of community development projects" as the main city project "city planning", advocate the city community as a unit dealing with the problem and emphasize community participation, but the effect is poor; at the end of 70s to the end of 90s, the community development has experienced two stages, the first to take the market as the forerunner of "community-based economic development strategy, and then to the comprehensive partnership between the government and the market, become the third force; by the end of 90s with power, new labour, as the main body of the revival of the city community rise, community development from the original social relief, into the city's economic development, the environment and society, from Quality updates turn to community rejuvenation.
The fourth part discusses the influence of community development of City Renaissance in England. It changed the direction of the revival of the city, from the material update to update the city community; to promote the diversified development, from a single diversified; perfect the social service, make it more humane; and implementation of community social security, reduce the the welfare burden of the state; to promote the city construction of democracy.
The fifth part summarizes the British community development model, and the significance of the British society. Not only the formation of multiple action mechanism of community mutual aid combining with the government, but also the formation of community participation in community service network mode diversification, diversified participation; and establish clear responsibilities decentralized planning mode, resulting in comprehensive community revitalization the new labour period to "the third road" as the guide, the British society took to the road of healthy development; also further prospect of community development in the future, it will be visible from the local community tend to virtual community invisible.

【學位授予單位】：陜西師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2008
【分類號】：K561

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