本文選題：護(hù)國(guó)主義　切入點(diǎn)：第一次世界大戰(zhàn)　出處：《首都師范大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：護(hù)國(guó)主義作為一種政治思想,在20世紀(jì)初的俄國(guó)政壇具有重要地位。第一次世界大戰(zhàn)時(shí)期,俄國(guó)的政治局勢(shì)變化的速度之快超過(guò)了歷史上任何一個(gè)時(shí)期,從戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)開(kāi)始到結(jié)束的短短四年間,歷經(jīng)了三個(gè)中央政權(quán)——沙皇政府、臨時(shí)政府和布爾什維克政府,這三個(gè)政權(quán)的政治主張相差極大,但卻都面臨同樣的問(wèn)題：是否要堅(jiān)持護(hù)國(guó)主義立場(chǎng),繼續(xù)把戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)進(jìn)行下去?圍繞著“護(hù)國(guó)主義”這一問(wèn)題的斗爭(zhēng),成為貫穿三個(gè)政權(quán)時(shí)期的政治生活的一條主線,對(duì)待護(hù)國(guó)主義的態(tài)度,決定著俄國(guó)每一派政治力量的命運(yùn)。 鑒于護(hù)國(guó)主義在20世紀(jì)頭20年在俄國(guó)政壇發(fā)生的巨大影響,對(duì)護(hù)國(guó)主義進(jìn)行研究,有助于我們對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)的俄國(guó)政治狀況——政壇上各種政治力量的對(duì)比變化以及各派政黨興衰的內(nèi)在原因,產(chǎn)生更清晰、深刻的認(rèn)識(shí)。同時(shí),深入發(fā)掘從護(hù)國(guó)主義到革命護(hù)國(guó)主義的演變過(guò)程,可以看到,傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)主義思想中的國(guó)家理論和戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)觀是如何在不同立場(chǎng)的“社會(huì)主義者”(指當(dāng)時(shí)俄國(guó)的兩個(gè)社會(huì)主義政黨以及由這兩個(gè)黨衍生出的許多政治派別)們那里根據(jù)各自的現(xiàn)實(shí)需要,不斷修正、完善甚至完全重寫(xiě)的。 本文分為五部分,緒論中對(duì)護(hù)國(guó)主義這一概念進(jìn)行了界定,著重分析了護(hù)國(guó)主義產(chǎn)生的原因,其中包括俄國(guó)的民族主義和專(zhuān)制主義的傳統(tǒng)、資本主義的發(fā)展、沙皇政權(quán)的現(xiàn)實(shí)需要等。正文的三個(gè)章節(jié)按照時(shí)間順序,將護(hù)國(guó)主義由興帶衰的過(guò)程與大戰(zhàn)進(jìn)程結(jié)合起來(lái)敘述：第一章的行文以1914年的“神圣一致”事件為核心,同時(shí)兼顧戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)第一年關(guān)于護(hù)國(guó)主義的論戰(zhàn)；第二章介紹護(hù)國(guó)主義思潮在1915-1916年的演變；第三章著重梳理了1917年革命護(hù)國(guó)主義與革命失敗主義之爭(zhēng)的前后過(guò)程。結(jié)論則從俄國(guó)護(hù)國(guó)主義盛衰的特殊條件、俄國(guó)護(hù)國(guó)主義的社會(huì)基礎(chǔ)、護(hù)國(guó)派與反護(hù)國(guó)派交鋒的實(shí)質(zhì)、護(hù)國(guó)主義的本質(zhì)四個(gè)方面入手,嘗試著對(duì)護(hù)國(guó)主義思想做出較全面的理論概括——護(hù)國(guó)主義是一種狹隘的愛(ài)國(guó)主義,是一種極端條件下的民族主義。
[Abstract]:As a political ideology, protectionism played an important role in Russian politics at the beginning of the 20th century. During the first World War, the political situation in Russia changed more rapidly than at any time in history. In the short four years from the beginning of the war to the end of the war, there have been three central regimes-the czar government, the interim government and the Bolshevik government. But they all face the same question: should we stick to the doctrine of nationalism and continue the war? The struggle around the issue of "nationalism" has become the main line of political life throughout the three political regimes, and the attitude towards it determines the fate of every political power in Russia. In view of the tremendous influence of nationalism in Russian politics in the first two decades of the twentieth century, It will help us to have a clearer and deeper understanding of the political situation in Russia at that time-the comparative changes of political forces in politics and the internal causes of the rise and fall of political parties. At the same time, We can see in depth the evolution from nationalism to revolutionary protectionism. How the State Theory and the View of War in the traditional Socialist thought took root in the "Socialists" of different positions (referring to the two socialist parties in Russia at that time and the many political factions derived from the two parties). According to their actual needs, Constantly revise, perfect or even completely rewrite. This paper is divided into five parts. In the introduction, the concept of protectionism is defined, and the reasons for its emergence are emphatically analyzed, including the tradition of nationalism and autocracy in Russia, the development of capitalism. The realistic needs of the czarist regime, etc. The three chapters of the text, according to the chronological order, combine the process of protectionalism from rise and fall with the process of great war: the first chapter is based on the "sacred consensus" incident of 1914. The second chapter introduces the evolution of the trend of thought of nationalism in 1915-1916. The third chapter focuses on the process of the debate between revolutionary protectionism and revolutionary defeatism in 1917. The conclusion is from the special conditions of the rise and fall of Russian protectionism, the social foundation of Russian protectionism, and the essence of the confrontation between the Patriarchs and the anti-protectionists. Starting with four aspects of the essence of nationalism, this paper tries to make a comprehensive theoretical summary of the thought of nationalism-that is, it is a kind of narrow patriotism and nationalism under extreme conditions.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：首都師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K512.43

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