本文選題：冷戰(zhàn)　切入點(diǎn)：美國(guó)　出處：《陜西師范大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：20世紀(jì)50年代末至70年代初,美蘇兩國(guó)政府在冷戰(zhàn)的特殊背景下,進(jìn)行了以載人登月為目的的太空爭(zhēng)奪戰(zhàn)。逢二戰(zhàn)結(jié)束以來,伴隨著第三次工業(yè)革命的浪潮,以空間技術(shù)為代表的高新技術(shù)領(lǐng)域逐步成為美蘇兩國(guó)國(guó)家利益的核心內(nèi)容。美國(guó)和蘇聯(lián)在盡量避免直接對(duì)抗的情況下,利用各種方式來宣傳各自政治制度的優(yōu)越性,以進(jìn)行意識(shí)形態(tài)方面的爭(zhēng)奪。美蘇兩國(guó)在進(jìn)行了衛(wèi)星發(fā)射和載人航天技術(shù)方面的競(jìng)賽后,又不惜投入大量的物力與人力進(jìn)行載人登月競(jìng)賽,企圖通過科技競(jìng)爭(zhēng)來爭(zhēng)奪冷戰(zhàn)的主動(dòng)權(quán)。而這場(chǎng)驚心動(dòng)魄的登月角逐,不但加速了航天技術(shù)的發(fā)展,也對(duì)處于冷戰(zhàn)中的美蘇兩國(guó)產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響,并導(dǎo)致美蘇兩國(guó)的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化和社會(huì)發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了重大變革。 本文以美蘇冷戰(zhàn)的背景作為切入點(diǎn),通過對(duì)歷史文獻(xiàn)和科技文獻(xiàn)的解讀,來詳細(xì)描述美蘇載人登月競(jìng)賽的起因、經(jīng)過和結(jié)果,并對(duì)美蘇登月競(jìng)賽的成敗得失做出了客觀的分析和總結(jié),從而展現(xiàn)出航天技術(shù)發(fā)展與人類社會(huì)、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化之間微妙而又復(fù)雜的特殊聯(lián)系。 論文共分為三個(gè)部分,分別是前言、正文和結(jié)語。前言主要介紹了選題的意義和國(guó)內(nèi)外的研究現(xiàn)狀。而正文則是文章的主體部分,共分為四個(gè)章節(jié)： 第一章分為兩個(gè)部分。第一部分主要描述了在太空競(jìng)賽初期,蘇聯(lián)在衛(wèi)星發(fā)射技術(shù)和空間載人技術(shù)方面所取得的優(yōu)勢(shì),并系統(tǒng)分析了蘇聯(lián)取得領(lǐng)先地位的原因。第二部分則著重介紹了艾森豪威爾時(shí)期的美國(guó)太空政策,以及美國(guó)民眾對(duì)于蘇聯(lián)太空成就的態(tài)度,通過對(duì)艾森豪威爾政府太空政策的分析,來詮釋美國(guó)應(yīng)對(duì)蘇聯(lián)挑戰(zhàn)的復(fù)雜心態(tài)。 第二章也分為兩個(gè)部分。第一部分主要闡述了美國(guó)總統(tǒng)肯尼迪決策阿波羅計(jì)劃的歷史經(jīng)過,并對(duì)肯尼迪的真實(shí)動(dòng)機(jī)進(jìn)行了探討和分析。第二部分則重在敘述蘇聯(lián)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人赫魯曉夫?qū)ΥK聯(lián)登月計(jì)劃的決策問題,并且深入分析了蘇聯(lián)登月計(jì)劃推遲出臺(tái)的原因。 第三章分為三個(gè)部分。第一部分展現(xiàn)了美國(guó)阿波羅計(jì)劃歷經(jīng)波折,最終實(shí)現(xiàn)載人登月的歷史壯舉,并對(duì)尼克松終止阿波羅計(jì)劃的原因進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)論述。第二部分則主要描述了美蘇兩國(guó)在登月競(jìng)賽中明爭(zhēng)暗斗的歷史過程,并對(duì)蘇聯(lián)載人登月工程失敗的具體經(jīng)過和結(jié)果進(jìn)行了研究。最后一部分則主要介紹了美蘇兩國(guó)為了結(jié)束登月競(jìng)賽,緩和兩國(guó)的緊張關(guān)系,所進(jìn)行的初次合作嘗試——聯(lián)盟19號(hào)與阿波羅18號(hào)的首次太空對(duì)接,以及這一合作的歷史意義之所在。 第四章分為兩個(gè)部分。第一部分主要探討了蘇聯(lián)載人登月工程失敗的主要原因并非單純的技術(shù)因素,而是由政治因素所造成的政策失誤導(dǎo)致的。而蘇聯(lián)載人登月工程的失敗,最終影響了冷戰(zhàn)的歷史進(jìn)程。第二部分則重點(diǎn)分析了美國(guó)在載人登月競(jìng)賽中的得與失,以及美蘇登月競(jìng)賽對(duì)當(dāng)今世界發(fā)展的啟示。 最后是結(jié)語部分,歸納總結(jié)了美蘇兩國(guó)所進(jìn)行的登月競(jìng)賽對(duì)冷戰(zhàn)進(jìn)程的重要作用,以及對(duì)人類社會(huì)產(chǎn)生的深遠(yuǎn)影響。
[Abstract]:At the end of 1950s to early 70s, the Soviet Union and the United States government in the context of the cold war, the manned lunar space for the purpose of every battle. Since the end of World War II, with the third industrial revolution, high-tech fields in space technology as the representative of the United States and the Soviet Union has gradually become the core content of the national interests of the United States and. Try to avoid direct confrontation with the Soviet Union in the case, the superiority of using a variety of ways to promote their own political system, to carry out ideological struggle. The United States and the Soviet Union in the satellite and manned space technology competition, and invested a lot of material and human human race to the moon, to the initiative through the competition of science and technology for the cold war. And this thrilling moon race, not only to accelerate the development of space technology, also in the cold war in the United States and the Soviet Union produced two Profound changes have been made in the political, economic, cultural and social development of the United States and the Soviet Union.
In this paper, the background of the cold war as a starting point, through the interpretation of historical literature and literature of science and technology, a detailed description of the cause of Soviet manned moon race, and after the results of the Soviet Union, and the moon race made an objective success and failure, gain and loss analysis and summary, in order to show the development of space technology and human society, politics. Special economic, subtle and complex cultures.
The paper is divided into three parts, namely, the preface, the main body and the conclusion. The preface mainly introduces the significance of the topic selection and the research status at home and abroad, and the body is the main body of the article, which is divided into four chapters.
The first chapter is divided into two parts. The first part mainly described in the early Soviet space race, made in the satellite launch manned space technology and technology advantages, and systematically analyzes the reasons why the Soviet Union has achieved a leading position. The second part focuses on the U.S. space policy of the Eisenhower period, and the attitude of the American people in the Soviet Union space achievements, through the analysis of the Eisenhower government's space policy, complex mentality to interpret the United States against the Soviet challenge.
The second chapter is divided into two parts. The first part mainly expounds the president Kennedy Apollo decision plan and history after Kennedy's real motives are discussed and analyzed. The second part focuses on the narrative decision problem of Soviet leader Khrushchev towards the Soviet lunar program, and in-depth analysis of the causes of the Soviet lunar program to postpone the introduction.
The third chapter is divided into three parts. The first part shows us the Apollo plan twists and turns, finally achieve the moon historical feat, and the reasons for the termination of Nixon Apollo plan were discussed in detail. The second part mainly describes the history of the United States and the Soviet Union in the process of fighting in the race to the moon, and the specific course and outcome of the Soviet Union manned lunar exploration project failure was studied. The last part mainly introduced the United States and the Soviet Union to the end of the race to the moon, easing tensions between the two countries, the initial cooperation of the trial - Union No. 19 and No. 18 Apollo's first space docking, as well as the historical significance of this cooperation.
The fourth chapter is divided into two parts. The first part mainly discusses the main reasons of the Soviet manned lunar exploration project failed technology factors is not a simple, but lead to policy mistakes caused by political factors. While the Soviet manned lunar exploration project failure, and ultimately affect the historical process of the cold war. The second part focuses on the analysis of the United States in the manned the race to the moon in the gain and loss of enlightenment as well as the United States and the Soviet Union on the moon race in today's world.
The last part is the concluding part, which summarizes the important role of the United States and the Soviet Union in the war on the cold war and the profound influence on the human society.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：K153

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