本文關(guān)鍵詞： 流行病 中世紀(jì) 西歐 檢疫　出處：《陜西師范大學(xué)》2016年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：2014年埃博拉病毒在西非爆發(fā)。作為一種罕見流行病,此次病毒疫情成為有記錄以來最為嚴(yán)重的埃博拉疫情。流行病的蔓延,促使我們思考人與疾病的關(guān)系。研究中世紀(jì)西歐的流行病及其防治,不僅可以窺視出中世紀(jì)人們的疾病認(rèn)識歷程,以期更為全面地了解其生存狀態(tài),更能夠啟迪當(dāng)下,為認(rèn)識和防治新的流行病(包括舊有流行病的新形式)提供借鑒。本文由緒言、正文、結(jié)語和參考文獻(xiàn)四部分組成。緒言中首先對論文的選題意義和目的加以概述,其次重點介紹國內(nèi)外學(xué)術(shù)界對該選題及相關(guān)問題的研究現(xiàn)狀,再次介紹基本研究方法和思路,最后簡單闡述本選題的創(chuàng)新之處。正文則包括以下三個部分：第一部分對中世紀(jì)西歐的流行病進(jìn)行研究。城市化的興起、公共衛(wèi)生惡劣、個人衛(wèi)生糟糕、醫(yī)療水平低下和地域交往頻繁等原因,使得流行病在獲得充足宿主的情況下,得以四處蔓延：中世紀(jì)西歐的流行病種類很多,但鼠疫、麻風(fēng)、天花和梅毒爆發(fā)的次數(shù)最多,對時人的危害也最大,它們的傳播具有死亡率高、覆蓋面廣以及對易感人群區(qū)別對待等特點。第二部分主要探討時人的防治理念和防治措施。中世紀(jì)西歐社會對流行病的認(rèn)識深受天譴論、占星學(xué)理論、毒氣說和病原微生物說的影響,并由此形成相應(yīng)的防治理念；醫(yī)學(xué)界的防治措施包括遵從政府的命令,向民眾發(fā)放衛(wèi)生手冊,同時對古代先進(jìn)的醫(yī)學(xué)經(jīng)驗進(jìn)行整理和總結(jié),摸索出醫(yī)學(xué)防治九章,即醫(yī)學(xué)界防疫的九種基本方法,其中包括懺悔法、驅(qū)魔法、排毒法、飲食法、淋浴法、撫摸法、香薰法、特效藥和逃離法；公共政府為防治麻風(fēng)病開始實施隔離措施,為防治鼠疫建立了檢疫制度,同時為改善公共衛(wèi)生,政府頒布了環(huán)境立法。第三部分論述流行病防治的影響和啟示。誕生于早期基督教慈善理念的醫(yī)院,在中世紀(jì)防治麻風(fēng)病和其他流行病的過程中數(shù)量不斷增加,醫(yī)院設(shè)施、醫(yī)療手段和護(hù)理人員的素質(zhì)都得到提高；中世紀(jì)時期建立的檢疫制度,在此后數(shù)百年西歐各國抵御流行病蔓延方面,扮演著重要的角色,各國由此建立近代國際檢疫制度,使這項中世紀(jì)的遺產(chǎn)在新時期繼續(xù)發(fā)揮作用；近代公共衛(wèi)生事業(yè)在中世紀(jì)流行病防治過程中逐漸興起,公眾健康意識的覺醒促進(jìn)了以改善環(huán)境衛(wèi)生和社會福利的公共健康事業(yè)的發(fā)展。結(jié)語部分,對論文的中心思想予以提煉。在流行病的持續(xù)肆虐面前,中世紀(jì)人們并未完全放棄抵抗,而是總結(jié)經(jīng)驗,通力合作,他們在災(zāi)難面前表現(xiàn)出的隱忍和希望,賦予中世紀(jì)獨特的生命魅力。
[Abstract]:Ebola broke out in West Africa in 2014. As a rare epidemic, the outbreak has become the worst Ebola outbreak on record. The spread of the epidemic. To make us think about the relationship between human beings and diseases, and to study the epidemic and its prevention in Western Europe in the Middle Ages, we can not only peep into the course of understanding the diseases in the Middle Ages, so as to understand their living conditions more comprehensively. More can enlighten the present, for the understanding and prevention of new epidemics (including the new forms of old epidemics) to provide reference. The introduction summarizes the significance and purpose of the topic, and then focuses on the domestic and foreign academic research on this topic and related issues. Introduce the basic research methods and ideas, and finally briefly explain the innovation of this topic. The text includes the following three parts: the first part of the epidemic of Western Europe in the Middle Ages, the rise of urbanization. Poor public health, poor personal hygiene, low levels of medical care and frequent geographical exchanges have allowed epidemics to spread with sufficient hosts: there were many epidemics in Western Europe in the Middle Ages. However, plague, leprosy, smallpox and syphilis outbreaks are the most frequent and most harmful to humans at the time, and their transmission has a high mortality rate. The second part mainly discusses the concept of prevention and control of human beings and preventive measures. The understanding of epidemic diseases in Western Europe in the Middle Ages was deeply influenced by the theory of scourge and astrology. The influence of poison gas theory and pathogenic microorganism theory, and form the corresponding prevention and cure idea; Medical prevention and treatment measures include complying with government orders, issuing health manuals to the public, sorting out and summarizing advanced medical experiences in ancient times, and groping out nine chapters on medical prevention and treatment. There are nine basic methods of prevention in medicine, including repentance, exorcism, detoxification, diet, shower, touch, aromatherapy, special medicine and escape. The public government began to implement quarantine measures to combat leprosy, establish quarantine systems for the prevention and control of plague and improve public health. The government enacted environmental legislation. The third part discusses the impact and enlightenment of epidemic prevention. Born in the early Christian charitable hospital, the number of leprosy and other epidemics in the Middle Ages has been increasing. Hospital facilities, medical means and the quality of nursing staff have been improved; The quarantine system established during the Middle Ages played an important role in resisting the spread of epidemic diseases in the western European countries for several hundred years, from which countries established the modern international quarantine system. To continue this medieval legacy in the new era; Modern public health gradually rose in the process of epidemic prevention in the Middle Ages. The awakening of public health consciousness promoted the development of public health in order to improve environmental health and social welfare. In the face of the continuing epidemic, people in the Middle Ages did not give up their resistance completely, but summed up their experiences and cooperated with each other. They showed patience and hope in the face of disaster. Endowed with the unique charm of life in the Middle Ages.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：R-09;K56

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