本文關(guān)鍵詞：清代徽州契約文書所見“中人”研究　出處：《安徽師范大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

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【摘要】：“中人”只是一個概括性的稱謂,自周至清“中人”的具體稱謂不斷沿革與變化。同被稱為“中人”,但在實(shí)際的生活中其扮演的角色不同、擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)穆毮懿煌閰^(qū)別他們的職能分工,明確他們對應(yīng)的責(zé)任,不斷衍生出“中人”多種多樣的具體稱謂。“中人”身份選擇不以地位、經(jīng)濟(jì)、威望為拘,“面子”的大小并不是選擇“中人”的絕對標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。一般親族較為普遍的擔(dān)任中人,婦女、佃人也可以作中參與到契約關(guān)系中。中人的選擇是契約雙方根據(jù)具體情況、實(shí)際需要,在其特定的鄉(xiāng)土社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)中,親疏、遠(yuǎn)近、尊卑自由組合選擇的結(jié)果,自身品質(zhì)良好的任何人都可以成為中人。當(dāng)交易涉及金額較大、女性作為立契者或賣方也以一個群體出現(xiàn)時(shí),中人多以群體出現(xiàn)�！爸腥巳后w”并非一個十分固定的人群,因此群體中“中人”的社會身份組合也各不相同,一般由族人組成、親人組成或親友和族人共同組成。中人群體使得契約在公眾認(rèn)同的基礎(chǔ)上享有了更大的效力,也為違約行為產(chǎn)生后或糾紛發(fā)生后的解決提供了更可靠的“人證”保障。中人的報(bào)酬主要有銀兩、宴請、物品三種類型。中資一般不低于交易總額的2%不超過10%,在5%左右的居多,清中期以前比值略低于清中晚期。中資占交易額的比值與中人和契約雙方的關(guān)系、發(fā)揮的作用多少都有關(guān)系。報(bào)酬由哪一方支付是帶有不固定、可變動性的,它主要是依據(jù)兩點(diǎn):一是“成破”雙方的經(jīng)濟(jì)地位;二是對契約合同的遵守情況。在大多數(shù)情況下,獲取報(bào)酬并不是中人作中的動因和目的。中人的作用分實(shí)質(zhì)性作用與象征性意義兩種。中人的責(zé)任具有無限期性。中人調(diào)解普遍存在于各種類型的糾紛中,扮演著民間秩序維護(hù)者的角色。中人調(diào)解的依據(jù)并不是法理,而是以傳統(tǒng)的風(fēng)俗、情理、情面作為調(diào)解的準(zhǔn)則。中人的調(diào)解并不是萬能的,它有諸多的局限:調(diào)解的效用只能靠當(dāng)事人的個人信譽(yù),以及其對周圍輿論的遵從;調(diào)解以情為準(zhǔn)則,為達(dá)到和解的局面,中人甚至?xí)⻊裾f權(quán)利人放棄其應(yīng)有的權(quán)力,以得到契約關(guān)系的穩(wěn)定與無訟的結(jié)果,這往往會造成理虧的一方不斷提出要求,如反復(fù)“找價(jià)”“加價(jià)”的現(xiàn)象。
[Abstract]:"People" is a general appellation, since the specific title Zhouzhi Qing "human" continuous evolution and change. The same is known as the "people", but in real life it plays a different role, play different functions. The difference between their functions, they should be clear of the the responsibility, to create "the title" variety. "People choose not to" identity status, economy, prestige becomes the "face" of the size is not the choice of "absolute standard". The general common people as family, women, people can be in a to participate in the contractual relationship. In the people's choice is the contract according to the specific circumstances of the actual needs, in the specific local social network, solidarity, distance, and free combination selection results, anyone can become a good quality of their own people. When the transaction amount involved The larger, women as contractors or the seller in a group, people in groups. "People" is not a fixed population, so the combination of social identity groups "people" are different, generally by the ethnic composition, relatives or relatives and common people. In the group of people who makes the contract. Based on public identity have a greater effect, but also to provide a more reliable guarantee to solve the "witness" or the dispute after the breach. The reward is mainly silver, dinner, three types of goods. Chinese is generally not less than the total amount of transactions 2% no more than 10%, mostly around 5%, slightly lower than the ratio of mid Qing Dynasty before the mid and late Qing Dynasty. The ratio of turnover accounted for the relationship between Chinese people and with the contract and play the role of how many have a relationship. Paid by a party which is not a fixed pay zone Fixed, variable in nature, it is mainly based on two points: one is "broken" on both sides of the economic status; two is to abide by the contract. In most cases, people get paid and not as the motivation and purpose. In the role of a substantive role and symbolic significance two. People with indefinite responsibility. People mediation exists in all types of disputes, plays the role of maintaining civil order. People mediation is not legal, but by the traditional custom, reasonable, sensibilities as mediation standards. People's mediation is not a panacea and it has many limitations: the mediation effects only depend on the parties of personal credibility, and to comply with the surrounding public opinion; mediation with emotion as the criterion, in order to achieve reconciliation of the situation, people may even persuade people to give up its right to power, to obtain contractualrelationships stability The results of non litigation, which often causes the wrong side constantly demands, such as repeated "find" price increase "phenomenon.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：安徽師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：K892.2

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條

1 李桃;陳勝強(qiáng);;中人在清代私契中功能之基因分析[J];河南社會科學(xué);2008年05期

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本文編號：1383231