走向深藍(lán)—中國(guó)海權(quán)發(fā)展問(wèn)題研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2019-06-12 02:12
【摘要】：海洋自古以來(lái)便是人類活動(dòng)的重要場(chǎng)所，其重要的交通與安全價(jià)值向?yàn)槲鞣絿?guó)家所看重。海洋文明發(fā)展史昭示了海權(quán)在大國(guó)興衰進(jìn)程中的地位與作用，而隨著海洋自身資源能源價(jià)值被發(fā)現(xiàn)，海洋更成為國(guó)際重大政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、軍事領(lǐng)域的利益所在，各國(guó)圍繞海權(quán)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)愈發(fā)激烈。 早在古希臘時(shí)期，修昔底德便首次提出了海權(quán)概念及其重要性，19世紀(jì)末，美國(guó)海洋戰(zhàn)略專家阿爾弗雷德·塞耶·馬漢第一次提出了完整的海權(quán)理論，其“海權(quán)論三部曲”被譽(yù)為海權(quán)思想的巔峰之作，成為西方海權(quán)觀的鼻祖。20世紀(jì)70年代，蘇聯(lián)海軍總司令謝·格·戈?duì)柺部品蛱岢隽恕皣?guó)家海上威力論”，實(shí)質(zhì)是對(duì)馬漢海權(quán)論的社會(huì)主義修正，為蘇聯(lián)制定海軍戰(zhàn)略和國(guó)家海洋戰(zhàn)略提供了理論支撐。 相對(duì)而言，中國(guó)的海權(quán)觀起步較晚，直至鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后才開(kāi)始有海防塞防之爭(zhēng)這種被動(dòng)的本能反應(yīng)。第一次嘗試提出中國(guó)海權(quán)思想的是孫中山先生，其觀點(diǎn)雖然并沒(méi)有形成一套理論體系，但它突破了傳統(tǒng)的中體西用、以防為主的消極被動(dòng)的海權(quán)建設(shè)理念，在當(dāng)時(shí)的時(shí)代背景下極具先進(jìn)性與前瞻性，然而由于其時(shí)政治經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)現(xiàn)狀而并不具備可行性。隨著改革開(kāi)放的深入發(fā)展，海外貿(mào)易的巨額利潤(rùn)與海洋本身的巨大潛力深深吸引了國(guó)人的目光，對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的渴求自然推動(dòng)著政治焦點(diǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)移與海軍力量的建設(shè)，而海權(quán)理論與海洋戰(zhàn)略的缺失便成為了橫亙?cè)谥袊?guó)走向深藍(lán)之路上的巨大障礙。以此為背景，20世紀(jì)90年代，中國(guó)學(xué)者關(guān)于中國(guó)海權(quán)的討論逐漸興起。雖然百家爭(zhēng)鳴未有定論，但在構(gòu)建具有中國(guó)特色的海權(quán)理論這一點(diǎn)上已達(dá)成共識(shí)，即中國(guó)海權(quán)發(fā)展不能照搬西方，其理論建設(shè)與戰(zhàn)略設(shè)計(jì)均需符合中國(guó)國(guó)情。 據(jù)此，本文引用北京大學(xué)國(guó)際關(guān)系學(xué)院葉自成教授的相關(guān)觀點(diǎn)對(duì)中國(guó)海權(quán)的概念進(jìn)行了定義與闡釋，將中國(guó)海權(quán)定性為以維護(hù)國(guó)家利益為目標(biāo)的有限海權(quán)。從地緣政治現(xiàn)狀、和平發(fā)展需要和綜合國(guó)力發(fā)展三方面綜合考量，中國(guó)目前陸穩(wěn)海危，海洋國(guó)土、交通、資源與安全四方面利益全面受損，海上軍事力量發(fā)展滯后，中國(guó)的海權(quán)建設(shè)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)落后于周邊國(guó)家，已成為中國(guó)崛起進(jìn)程中的桎梏，重視和發(fā)展中國(guó)海權(quán)已是迫在眉睫。中國(guó)海權(quán)發(fā)展不能一蹴而就，應(yīng)分階段循序漸進(jìn)。以統(tǒng)一臺(tái)灣為戰(zhàn)略節(jié)點(diǎn)，中國(guó)海權(quán)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略可規(guī)劃為兩個(gè)階段，即前期的建設(shè)有限海權(quán)與后期的南進(jìn)西移。現(xiàn)階段的中國(guó)海權(quán)發(fā)展重心應(yīng)放在謀求西太平洋地區(qū)性海權(quán)上，而綜合國(guó)力建設(shè)則是貫穿中國(guó)海權(quán)發(fā)展整體進(jìn)程的核心要旨。為此，當(dāng)前中國(guó)應(yīng)在提高民族海洋意識(shí)、審慎和適度建設(shè)海上軍事力量、優(yōu)先和著重發(fā)展海洋經(jīng)濟(jì)和海洋科技、充分重視和靈活運(yùn)用海洋軟權(quán)力等方面積極推進(jìn)，以期為中國(guó)海權(quán)發(fā)展打造堅(jiān)實(shí)的國(guó)內(nèi)基礎(chǔ)和良性的國(guó)際環(huán)境，推動(dòng)中國(guó)海權(quán)建設(shè)朝著中國(guó)和平發(fā)展的大方向穩(wěn)步邁進(jìn)。
[Abstract]:The ocean has been an important place for human activities since ancient times, and its important traffic and safety values are valued by western countries. The development history of marine civilization shows the position and role of sea power in the process of rise and fall of great powers. With the discovery of the energy value of marine resources and resources, the ocean has become the interests of the international political, economic and military fields, and the competition around maritime power is becoming more and more fierce. As early as ancient Greece, Thucydides put forward the concept of sea power and its importance for the first time. At the end of the 19th century, American marine strategic expert Alfred Seyermahan first put forward the complete theory of sea power. His "trilogy of sea power theory" was regarded as the pinnacle of sea power thought and became the ancestor of western maritime power view in the 1970s. Sieger Gorshkov, commander-in-chief of the Soviet Navy, put forward the Theory of National Maritime Power, which is essentially a socialist amendment to Mahan Sea's theory of power, which provides theoretical support for the Soviet Union to formulate naval strategy and national marine strategy. Relatively speaking, China's view of maritime power started relatively late, and it was not until after the Opium War that it began to have the passive instinctive reaction of coastal defense and defense. It was Mr. Sun Zhongshan who tried to put forward China's maritime power thought for the first time. Although his viewpoint did not form a set of theoretical system, it broke through the traditional concept of negative and passive maritime power construction, which was mainly used in the west and in defense, and was very advanced and forward-looking under the background of the times. However, it was not feasible because of the current situation of politics, economy and society at that time. With the further development of reform and opening up, the huge profits of overseas trade and the great potential of the ocean itself have attracted the attention of the Chinese people. The thirst for economic interests naturally promotes the transfer of political focus and the construction of naval power, and the lack of maritime power theory and marine strategy has become a huge obstacle on the road to deep blue in China. Against this background, in the 1990 s, the discussion on China's maritime power rose gradually by Chinese scholars. Although a hundred schools of thought have not reached a conclusion, it has reached a consensus on the construction of maritime power theory with Chinese characteristics, that is, China's maritime power development can not copy the West, and its theoretical construction and strategic design should be in line with China's national conditions. Based on this, this paper defines and explains the concept of China's maritime power by quoting the relevant viewpoints of Professor Ye Zicheng, School of International Relations, Peking University, and defines China's maritime power as a limited maritime right with the goal of safeguarding national interests. Considering the present geopolitical situation, the need for peaceful development and the development of comprehensive national strength, China's interests in four aspects: land stability, marine land, transportation, resources and security are comprehensively damaged, the development of maritime military forces lags behind, and China's maritime power construction lags far behind that of neighboring countries. It has become a shackle in the process of China's rise, and it is urgent to attach importance to and develop China's maritime power. China's maritime power development can not be achieved overnight, should be phased step by step. Taking the reunification of Taiwan as the strategic node, China's maritime power development strategy can be planned for two stages, that is, the construction of limited maritime power in the early stage and the southward and westward shift in the later stage. At present, the development of China's maritime rights should focus on the pursuit of regional maritime rights in the western Pacific, and the construction of comprehensive national strength is the core tenet that runs through the overall process of China's maritime rights development. Therefore, at present, China should actively promote the improvement of national marine awareness, prudently and moderately build maritime military forces, give priority to and focus on the development of marine economy and marine science and technology, and fully attach importance to and flexibly use marine soft power, so as to create a solid domestic foundation and a benign international environment for China's maritime power development, and promote China's maritime power construction to move steadily in the general direction of China's peaceful development.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：D820;P7
本文編號(hào)：2497640
[Abstract]:The ocean has been an important place for human activities since ancient times, and its important traffic and safety values are valued by western countries. The development history of marine civilization shows the position and role of sea power in the process of rise and fall of great powers. With the discovery of the energy value of marine resources and resources, the ocean has become the interests of the international political, economic and military fields, and the competition around maritime power is becoming more and more fierce. As early as ancient Greece, Thucydides put forward the concept of sea power and its importance for the first time. At the end of the 19th century, American marine strategic expert Alfred Seyermahan first put forward the complete theory of sea power. His "trilogy of sea power theory" was regarded as the pinnacle of sea power thought and became the ancestor of western maritime power view in the 1970s. Sieger Gorshkov, commander-in-chief of the Soviet Navy, put forward the Theory of National Maritime Power, which is essentially a socialist amendment to Mahan Sea's theory of power, which provides theoretical support for the Soviet Union to formulate naval strategy and national marine strategy. Relatively speaking, China's view of maritime power started relatively late, and it was not until after the Opium War that it began to have the passive instinctive reaction of coastal defense and defense. It was Mr. Sun Zhongshan who tried to put forward China's maritime power thought for the first time. Although his viewpoint did not form a set of theoretical system, it broke through the traditional concept of negative and passive maritime power construction, which was mainly used in the west and in defense, and was very advanced and forward-looking under the background of the times. However, it was not feasible because of the current situation of politics, economy and society at that time. With the further development of reform and opening up, the huge profits of overseas trade and the great potential of the ocean itself have attracted the attention of the Chinese people. The thirst for economic interests naturally promotes the transfer of political focus and the construction of naval power, and the lack of maritime power theory and marine strategy has become a huge obstacle on the road to deep blue in China. Against this background, in the 1990 s, the discussion on China's maritime power rose gradually by Chinese scholars. Although a hundred schools of thought have not reached a conclusion, it has reached a consensus on the construction of maritime power theory with Chinese characteristics, that is, China's maritime power development can not copy the West, and its theoretical construction and strategic design should be in line with China's national conditions. Based on this, this paper defines and explains the concept of China's maritime power by quoting the relevant viewpoints of Professor Ye Zicheng, School of International Relations, Peking University, and defines China's maritime power as a limited maritime right with the goal of safeguarding national interests. Considering the present geopolitical situation, the need for peaceful development and the development of comprehensive national strength, China's interests in four aspects: land stability, marine land, transportation, resources and security are comprehensively damaged, the development of maritime military forces lags behind, and China's maritime power construction lags far behind that of neighboring countries. It has become a shackle in the process of China's rise, and it is urgent to attach importance to and develop China's maritime power. China's maritime power development can not be achieved overnight, should be phased step by step. Taking the reunification of Taiwan as the strategic node, China's maritime power development strategy can be planned for two stages, that is, the construction of limited maritime power in the early stage and the southward and westward shift in the later stage. At present, the development of China's maritime rights should focus on the pursuit of regional maritime rights in the western Pacific, and the construction of comprehensive national strength is the core tenet that runs through the overall process of China's maritime rights development. Therefore, at present, China should actively promote the improvement of national marine awareness, prudently and moderately build maritime military forces, give priority to and focus on the development of marine economy and marine science and technology, and fully attach importance to and flexibly use marine soft power, so as to create a solid domestic foundation and a benign international environment for China's maritime power development, and promote China's maritime power construction to move steadily in the general direction of China's peaceful development.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：D820;P7
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