【摘要】：長(zhǎng)期以來,美國(guó)一直把支持和擴(kuò)大民主化作為對(duì)外政策的主要目標(biāo)。美國(guó)將戰(zhàn)略重心進(jìn)一步鎖定在中東。在此背景下,對(duì)美國(guó)中東政策的評(píng)估,從某種意義上來說就成為評(píng)估當(dāng)前美國(guó)在全球戰(zhàn)略處境的最佳范本。中東地區(qū)宗教派別林立,民族之間矛盾復(fù)雜多變,這在某種程度上加緊了美國(guó)在中東推行民主戰(zhàn)略的步伐。2004年2月初,美國(guó)正式宣布“大中東民主”計(jì)劃。該計(jì)劃除包括阿盟22個(gè)成員國(guó)外,還囊括了以色列、土耳其、巴基斯坦和阿富汗等地區(qū),美國(guó)進(jìn)一步將推行中東民主的范圍擴(kuò)大了�！�9·11”事件為布什政府加緊在中東推行民主提供了強(qiáng)勁的動(dòng)力。“9·11”事件對(duì)美國(guó)來說是一個(gè)沉重的打擊,但也為其調(diào)整對(duì)外政策提供了機(jī)會(huì)。自小布什上臺(tái)以后,美國(guó)政府中東政策的一個(gè)核心支柱就是促進(jìn)民主,為了在中東推行有效的民主制度,布什政府一方面發(fā)動(dòng)伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)以此來推翻薩達(dá)姆政權(quán),震懾中東敵對(duì)國(guó)家,樹立民主的樣板;另一方面就是推行醞釀已久的大中東民主計(jì)劃。 本文試著從三個(gè)部分來分析美國(guó)在中東推行民主戰(zhàn)略的原因、措施和途徑、以及美國(guó)在中東推行民主后產(chǎn)生的影響和對(duì)此民主戰(zhàn)略的評(píng)價(jià)。 第一部分:小布什上臺(tái)后在中東推行民主戰(zhàn)略的原因,本部分主要是從美國(guó)和中東自身找原因,闡述了美國(guó)在中東實(shí)施民主戰(zhàn)略的原因。首先,美國(guó)自身的原因,本文從五部分論證了美國(guó)在中東推行民主的原因,(1)美國(guó)強(qiáng)大的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力是推行中東民主戰(zhàn)略的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。(2)美國(guó)極力打造單極世界的戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)是推行中東民主戰(zhàn)略的基本驅(qū)動(dòng)力。(3)美國(guó)的宗教是推行中東民主戰(zhàn)略的思想誘因。(4)美國(guó)的價(jià)值觀是推行中東民主戰(zhàn)略的政治文化因素。(5)小布什的個(gè)人意志是推行中東民主戰(zhàn)略的主觀因素。其次,中東自身的原因,本文從三部分論述了中東自身的原因,(1)中東地區(qū)的戰(zhàn)略資源和地緣政治。(2)中東地區(qū)的宗教沖突成為美國(guó)推行民主的契機(jī)。(3)打擊恐怖主義成為美國(guó)推行民主的幌子。 第二部分:小布什任期時(shí)美國(guó)在中東推行民主戰(zhàn)略的途徑與措施。美國(guó)在推進(jìn)中東民主化進(jìn)程中所使用的手段可謂無所不用其極:開動(dòng)宣傳機(jī)器、支持和扶植反對(duì)派、提供資金和法律援助、幫助培訓(xùn)和派出競(jìng)選問題專家、直接以武力推翻“專制政權(quán)”或以“政權(quán)更迭”相威脅等等。本文從四個(gè)方面論述了美國(guó)在中東推行民主的措施和途徑。即:(1)傳播美國(guó)文化,進(jìn)行文化滲透。(2)在中東樹立美國(guó)的民主樣板,培植親美勢(shì)力。(3)施加外交壓力。(4)制定大中東民主改造計(jì)劃。 第三部分:美國(guó)的中東民主戰(zhàn)略對(duì)中東地區(qū)的影響及評(píng)價(jià)。這部分主要是寫到美國(guó)的中東民主戰(zhàn)略對(duì)中東地區(qū)產(chǎn)生的影響,以及對(duì)民主戰(zhàn)略的評(píng)價(jià)。對(duì)中東地區(qū)的影響講的主要是:(1)對(duì)中東“民主典范”地區(qū)產(chǎn)生的影響(2)對(duì)中東政治模式的影響(3)對(duì)中東地區(qū)政治局勢(shì)的影響(4)對(duì)中東地區(qū)國(guó)家與美國(guó)關(guān)系的影響。對(duì)美國(guó)的中東民主戰(zhàn)略的評(píng)價(jià)主要是從四個(gè)方面論述的即:(1)小布什的民主戰(zhàn)略漸入困境。(2)美國(guó)推行民主沒有給中東帶來和平。(3)美國(guó)在民主問題上搞雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn),使其“民主”失去可信性。(4)美國(guó)的“大中東計(jì)劃”騎虎難下。 布什政府的中東政策既有所得手,更面臨挑戰(zhàn)。伊拉克重建、巴以和平進(jìn)程、伊朗核問題,最有希望“創(chuàng)造和平、穩(wěn)定和民主的外交政策業(yè)績(jī)”,但也“最有可能演變成流血、動(dòng)蕩、油價(jià)上漲以及沖突與恐怖加劇的后果”。今后,美將在中東消耗更多的經(jīng)濟(jì)、軍事和外交資源,擴(kuò)展民主將立足長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)。中東民主雖然出現(xiàn)過短暫的春天,但并不能表明美國(guó)在中東推行美式民主就是進(jìn)步,而這只能說明其在短暫時(shí)期內(nèi)在中東地區(qū)有了發(fā)展,但是結(jié)合歷史和中東的實(shí)際情況,從中東未來的發(fā)展走勢(shì)來看,美國(guó)的民主在中東的發(fā)展還是會(huì)受到更大的挑戰(zhàn)。
[Abstract]:The United States has long regarded supporting and expanding democratization as the main objective of its foreign policy. The United States has further focused its strategic focus on the Middle East. Against this background, the assessment of its Middle East policy has, in a sense, become the best model for assessing the current strategic situation of the United States in the world. In early February 2004, the United States officially announced the Greater Middle East Democracy Plan, which includes 22 member states of the League of Arab States, as well as Israel, Turkey, Pakistan and Afghanistan, and will be further implemented by the United States. Democracy in the Middle East has expanded. The September 11 incident has provided a strong impetus for the Bush administration to step up its efforts to promote democracy in the Middle East. The September 11 incident has dealt a heavy blow to the United States, but also provided an opportunity for it to adjust its foreign policy. In order to promote effective democracy in the Middle East, on the one hand, the Bush administration launched the Iraq War to overthrow Saddam Hussein's regime, to deter hostile countries in the Middle East and to set up a model for democracy, on the other hand, to implement the long-awaited Greater Middle East Democracy Plan.
This paper tries to analyze the reasons, measures and approaches for the implementation of American democratic strategy in the Middle East from three aspects, as well as the impact and evaluation of American democratic strategy in the Middle East.
The first part is about the reasons why the United States carried out its democratic strategy in the Middle East after George W. Bush came to power. The first part is about the reasons why the United States carried out its democratic strategy in the Middle East. (3) The religion of the United States is the ideological incentive for the implementation of the Middle East democratic strategy. (4) The values of the United States are the political and cultural factors for the implementation of the Middle East democratic strategy. (5) Bush's personal will is to push forward. Secondly, the reasons of the Middle East itself are discussed in three parts. (1) The strategic resources and geopolitics of the Middle East. (2) Religious conflicts in the Middle East have become an opportunity for the United States to pursue democracy. (3) The fight against terrorism has become a cover for the United States to pursue democracy.
The second part is about the ways and measures of American democratic strategy in the Middle East during Bush's term of office. This paper discusses the measures and approaches for the United States to promote democracy in the Middle East from four aspects, namely: (1) spreading American culture and infiltrating culture; (2) setting up a model of American democracy and fostering pro-American forces in the Middle East. (3) exerting diplomatic pressure. (4) formulating a plan for democratic transformation in the Greater Middle East.
The third part: the impact and evaluation of American Middle East Democracy Strategy on the Middle East region. This part mainly describes the impact of American Middle East Democracy Strategy on the Middle East region, as well as the evaluation of democratic strategy. (3) the influence on the political situation in the Middle East. (4) the influence on the relations between the countries in the Middle East and the United States. The standard of democracy has lost credibility. (4) the "Greater Middle East Plan" of the United States is hard to come by.
The Bush administration's Middle East policy is both gainful and challenging. The reconstruction of Iraq, the peace process between Palestine and Israel, the Iranian nuclear issue, the most promising "foreign policy achievements in creating peace, stability and democracy", but also "the most likely consequences of bloodshed, instability, rising oil prices, and intensified conflict and terror." In the future, the United States will disappear in the Middle East. Democracy in the Middle East, despite its brief spring, does not mean that America's pursuit of American-style democracy in the Middle East is progress. This can only show that it has developed in the Middle East in a short period of time, but not in the Middle East in the light of history and the actual situation in the Middle East. From the perspective of development trend, the development of democracy in the Middle East will still face greater challenges.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號(hào)】：D815.4;D871.2

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