安全私有化與東南亞海上安保
發(fā)布時間：2018-07-29 11:48
【摘要】：作為全球化時代安全和私有化"聯(lián)姻"的產物,當代安全私有化趨勢越來越成為國際政治實踐中一個不容忽視的現(xiàn)象�；仡櫄v史,安全私有化是一項普遍規(guī)范而非例外。歷史上,安全私有化主要表現(xiàn)為私人行為體的暴力行為。直至1648年民族國家和國家軍隊出現(xiàn)后,隨著國家主權觀念深入人心,國家逐漸成為暴力壟斷的唯一合法主體,取代了私人行為體的暴力行為,安全私有化一度在歷史上"消失"。然而,到了 20世紀90年代,安全私有化再度興起,主要以私人軍事公司和私人安保公司等私人行為體的方式得到復興。安全私有化的再度興起是一系列因素綜合作用的結果。首先,新自由主義革命和私有化浪潮是安全私有化產生和發(fā)展的前提。其次,安全私有化的興起是在新形勢下對新安全威脅的直接反應。再次,安全概念范式的轉變是安全私有化興起的重要背景。第四,學界圍繞私人行為體的爭論是安全私有化的外部推力。最后,安全私有化的興起也折射出安全規(guī)范的變化。安全私有化包括自上而下和自下而上的私有化。自下而上的安全私有化是指非國家行為體從國家手中自主接管安全職能,以提供安全公共產品的現(xiàn)象。自上而下的安全私有化可劃分成兩種類型。第一種是指國家行為體將原來由其壟斷的特定軍事和安全職能,通過外包合同轉讓給私人行為體;第二種是指非政府組織及政府間組織等國際組織主動購買私人行為體提供的安全公共產品服務。安全私有化有3個顯著特征:滿足了一系列國際行為體的需要;與國家之間關系復雜,并非簡單的二元對立;手段多樣且目的明確。依據(jù)私有化程度的高低和實踐手段的差異,安全私有化包括極端私人化和國家職能委托2種運行機制,雇傭兵、非國家武裝團體、私人軍事公司和私人安保公司4種實踐形式。隨著安全私有化在全球范圍的蓬勃發(fā)展,它對當前世界安全局勢影響巨大,體現(xiàn)在安全治理、道德倫理和國際法等方方面面。伴隨著當代安全私有化進程,安全私有化的范圍也得到橫向拓展。全球化的持續(xù)推進、非傳統(tǒng)安全威脅的增多以及全球海上貿易的繁榮,促使該現(xiàn)象從陸上擴展到海上,這是一個新趨勢。全球海上安全私有化體現(xiàn)在全球、國家、地區(qū)各個層次,從國際海事及國際商業(yè)組織到西方發(fā)達國家甚至中國,再到船東個人,他們都傾向使用廉價的私人安保服務保障海上安全。具體到東南亞地區(qū),海上安全私有化表現(xiàn)為私人安保公司參與到海上安全治理中來。東南亞地區(qū)的私人安保公司主要有兩類:外生性私人安保公司和內生性私人安保公司,不過根據(jù)東南亞各國現(xiàn)實情況,東南亞私人安保公司多為外生性的。外生性私人安保公司參與東南亞海上安全治理的原因有三個。根本原因源于國際安全行為體的多元化趨勢;直接原因為東南亞地區(qū)長期滋生的海盜和海上恐怖主義問題,東南亞各國國內的內政改革是其生長和發(fā)展的刺激因素。私人安保公司參與東南亞海上安全治理利弊共存。私人安保公司可以為東南亞海上來往船只提供安保服務,打擊海盜和恐怖主義;然而同時,其與東南亞各國關系復雜,挑戰(zhàn)各國對安全暴力的壟斷,甚至惡化與國家間的關系。鑒于此,應加強對東南亞海上私人安保公司的規(guī)則與引導。從行業(yè)自身層面看,應加強行業(yè)自律;從國家層面看,應制定具體嚴格的規(guī)制措施;從國際層面看,應出臺具有約束力的法律條款。近年來,隨著中國海外利益增多和中國企業(yè)"走出去",中國的私人安保公司也如雨后春筍蓬勃發(fā)展。對中國而言,在東亞,規(guī)制和利用好私人安保公司不僅有助于維護中國海外企業(yè)安全,也有助于推動其為亞太新安全架構貢獻力量。未來的安全治理是國家"再安全化"的過程,應充分利用發(fā)揮私人安保公司提供安全公共產品的輔助性作用,與國家提供核心安全公共產品相配合,兩者"一主一輔",共同維護地區(qū)安全與穩(wěn)定。
[Abstract]:As the product of the "marriage" of security and privatization in the era of globalization, the trend of Contemporary Security privatization has become a phenomenon that can not be ignored in international political practice. Review of history, security privatization is a universal norm, not an exception. After the emergence of the national and national army, with the concept of state sovereignty deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, the state gradually became the only legal body of the monopoly of violence and replaced the violence of private actors. The privatization of security was once "disappearing" in history. However, in 1990s, the privatization of security was reborn again, mainly by private Military companies and private. The re emergence of privatization of security is the result of a series of factors. First, the new liberalism and privatization wave is the prerequisite for the emergence and development of security privatization. Secondly, the rise of security privatization is a direct response to new security threats under the new situation. Thirdly, the transformation of the security concept paradigm is an important background of the rise of security privatization. Fourth, the debate around private actors is the external thrust of security privatization. Finally, the rise of security privatization also reflects the change of security norms. Privatization of security includes top-down and bottom-up privatization. Privatization refers to the phenomenon that non state actors take over the security functions independently from the state to provide safe public products. Top-down security privatization can be divided into two types. The first means that the state actors transfer the original monopolistic military and security functions through the outsourcing contract to the private actors; the second types of acts are transferred to private actors. International organizations such as non-governmental organizations and intergovernmental organizations take the initiative to purchase the safe public product services provided by private actors. Security privatization has 3 significant features: meeting the needs of a series of international actors; complex relations with the state, not a simple two yuan confrontation; various means and clear purposes. Based on the degree of privatization The difference between high and low and practical means, security privatization includes 2 operating mechanisms, such as extreme privatization and state function, 4 practical forms of mercenaries, non state armed groups, private Military companies and private security companies. With the vigorous development of security privatization in the world, it has a great impact on the current world security situation. In all aspects of security governance, ethics and international law. Along with the process of Contemporary Security privatization, the scope of security privatization has also been expanded horizontally. The continued advancement of globalization, the increase of non-traditional security threats and the prosperity of global maritime trade have prompted the phenomenon to expand from land to sea. This is a new trend in the global sea. Security privatization is embodied in the global, national and regional levels, from the international maritime and international commercial organizations to the western developed countries and even to China, and to the owners of the shipowners, they all tend to use cheap private security services to ensure the safety of the sea. There are two main types of private security companies in Southeast Asia: private private security companies and private private security companies in Southeast Asia. However, according to the reality of Southeast Asian countries, the private security companies in Southeast Asia are mostly external. There are three reasons for the participation of exogenous private security companies in the maritime security management in Southeast Asia. The root cause is the pluralistic trend of international security actors; the direct cause is the long-standing piracy and maritime terrorism in Southeast Asia, the domestic internal reform of Southeast Asian countries is the stimulant for its growth and development. Private security companies are involved in the advantages and disadvantages of maritime security governance in Southeast Asia. Private security companies can At the same time, the relationship with Southeast Asian countries is complex, and it challenges the monopoly of security violence and even worsens the relationship with the state. In view of this, we should strengthen the rules and guidance of the private maritime security companies in Southeast Asia. Strengthen the self-discipline of the industry; from the national level, we should formulate specific and strict regulatory measures; from the international level, the binding legal provisions should be issued. In recent years, as China's overseas interests increase and Chinese enterprises "go out", China's private security companies have springing up like bamboo shoots after the rain. For China, in East Asia, regulation and benefit A good private security company not only helps to safeguard the safety of Chinese overseas enterprises, but also helps to promote its contribution to the new security architecture in the Asia Pacific region. Future security governance is the process of national "re security". It should make full use of the auxiliary role of private security companies to provide safe public products and provide core security public with the state. The products should be coordinated with each other to maintain regional security and stability.
【學位授予單位】：南京大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D815.5
本文編號：2152585
[Abstract]:As the product of the "marriage" of security and privatization in the era of globalization, the trend of Contemporary Security privatization has become a phenomenon that can not be ignored in international political practice. Review of history, security privatization is a universal norm, not an exception. After the emergence of the national and national army, with the concept of state sovereignty deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, the state gradually became the only legal body of the monopoly of violence and replaced the violence of private actors. The privatization of security was once "disappearing" in history. However, in 1990s, the privatization of security was reborn again, mainly by private Military companies and private. The re emergence of privatization of security is the result of a series of factors. First, the new liberalism and privatization wave is the prerequisite for the emergence and development of security privatization. Secondly, the rise of security privatization is a direct response to new security threats under the new situation. Thirdly, the transformation of the security concept paradigm is an important background of the rise of security privatization. Fourth, the debate around private actors is the external thrust of security privatization. Finally, the rise of security privatization also reflects the change of security norms. Privatization of security includes top-down and bottom-up privatization. Privatization refers to the phenomenon that non state actors take over the security functions independently from the state to provide safe public products. Top-down security privatization can be divided into two types. The first means that the state actors transfer the original monopolistic military and security functions through the outsourcing contract to the private actors; the second types of acts are transferred to private actors. International organizations such as non-governmental organizations and intergovernmental organizations take the initiative to purchase the safe public product services provided by private actors. Security privatization has 3 significant features: meeting the needs of a series of international actors; complex relations with the state, not a simple two yuan confrontation; various means and clear purposes. Based on the degree of privatization The difference between high and low and practical means, security privatization includes 2 operating mechanisms, such as extreme privatization and state function, 4 practical forms of mercenaries, non state armed groups, private Military companies and private security companies. With the vigorous development of security privatization in the world, it has a great impact on the current world security situation. In all aspects of security governance, ethics and international law. Along with the process of Contemporary Security privatization, the scope of security privatization has also been expanded horizontally. The continued advancement of globalization, the increase of non-traditional security threats and the prosperity of global maritime trade have prompted the phenomenon to expand from land to sea. This is a new trend in the global sea. Security privatization is embodied in the global, national and regional levels, from the international maritime and international commercial organizations to the western developed countries and even to China, and to the owners of the shipowners, they all tend to use cheap private security services to ensure the safety of the sea. There are two main types of private security companies in Southeast Asia: private private security companies and private private security companies in Southeast Asia. However, according to the reality of Southeast Asian countries, the private security companies in Southeast Asia are mostly external. There are three reasons for the participation of exogenous private security companies in the maritime security management in Southeast Asia. The root cause is the pluralistic trend of international security actors; the direct cause is the long-standing piracy and maritime terrorism in Southeast Asia, the domestic internal reform of Southeast Asian countries is the stimulant for its growth and development. Private security companies are involved in the advantages and disadvantages of maritime security governance in Southeast Asia. Private security companies can At the same time, the relationship with Southeast Asian countries is complex, and it challenges the monopoly of security violence and even worsens the relationship with the state. In view of this, we should strengthen the rules and guidance of the private maritime security companies in Southeast Asia. Strengthen the self-discipline of the industry; from the national level, we should formulate specific and strict regulatory measures; from the international level, the binding legal provisions should be issued. In recent years, as China's overseas interests increase and Chinese enterprises "go out", China's private security companies have springing up like bamboo shoots after the rain. For China, in East Asia, regulation and benefit A good private security company not only helps to safeguard the safety of Chinese overseas enterprises, but also helps to promote its contribution to the new security architecture in the Asia Pacific region. Future security governance is the process of national "re security". It should make full use of the auxiliary role of private security companies to provide safe public products and provide core security public with the state. The products should be coordinated with each other to maintain regional security and stability.
【學位授予單位】：南京大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D815.5
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