蘇聯(lián)解體以來俄羅斯對歐美力量東擴(kuò)的軍事回應(yīng)及策略
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-07-13 14:25
【摘要】： 冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束,蘇東集團(tuán)解體之后,東歐親蘇俄政權(quán)紛紛下臺,俄羅斯在東歐的勢力范圍一夜消失,對俄羅斯的軍事戰(zhàn)略有極大的影響。蘇東的解體使俄羅斯在東歐沒有了緩沖地帶,在中亞及外高加索也與以往蘇聯(lián)時(shí)期直接掌握有著極大的不同。與此同時(shí),歐美國家在開始對這些地區(qū)進(jìn)行勢力擴(kuò)張,例如北約東擴(kuò)及東歐國家加入歐盟等。而美國在中亞地區(qū)也有駐軍并和其他區(qū)內(nèi)國家進(jìn)行軍事合作。歐美的東擴(kuò)令俄羅斯感受到威脅。由于俄羅斯一向以來均為軍事大國,因此軍事方面的回應(yīng)成為俄羅斯對抗歐美力量東擴(kuò)的重要手段。 為了對抗歐美的東擴(kuò),俄羅斯在俄羅斯歐洲地區(qū)、高加索及中亞這三個(gè)與歐美力量有接觸的地區(qū)有著不同的軍事部署。在俄羅斯歐洲部份,俄羅斯主要是針對東歐國家加入北約而進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的響應(yīng)。在高加索則是針對與親歐美的格魯吉亞所發(fā)生的邊境糾紛而作出相應(yīng)的軍事行動。在中亞,則是為了應(yīng)付在911事件之后歐美在區(qū)內(nèi)國家的駐軍。 除了部署之外,俄羅斯為了對擴(kuò)歐美力量的東擴(kuò)也進(jìn)行過兩次實(shí)際的軍事行動。第一次為1999年北約轟炸南斯拉夫之后,俄羅斯在沒有事先通知北約的情況之下,派兵搶占科索沃首府的機(jī)場,使得俄軍與北約形成對峙局面。第二次便為2008年的俄格戰(zhàn)爭,俄軍對親歐美的格魯吉亞進(jìn)行軍事打擊。這使得俄羅斯與歐美,特別是美國的關(guān)系非常緊張。 而對于美國希望在東歐部署反導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)一事,俄羅斯更是強(qiáng)烈地反對。俄羅斯認(rèn)為這系統(tǒng)會影響到俄羅斯對美國的戰(zhàn)略核打擊能力,而核打擊能力可以說是俄羅斯全球戰(zhàn)略中的根本。為了反對美國的計(jì)劃,俄羅斯作了很多相應(yīng)的行動,如要在與北約接壤的飛地加里寧格勒部署彈道導(dǎo)彈及威脅波蘭將會受到來打擊等。 而面對歐美力量的東擴(kuò),俄羅斯在軍事發(fā)展上也作出了相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。由于俄羅斯在90年代的經(jīng)濟(jì)十分低迷,所以俄羅斯的軍事科技發(fā)展更需要針對應(yīng)付歐美力量東擴(kuò)而作出調(diào)整。俄羅斯基本上集中資源去發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略核武的戰(zhàn)力,例如優(yōu)先發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略洲際彈道導(dǎo)彈等。而在戰(zhàn)略思想方面,俄羅斯在全球進(jìn)行了戰(zhàn)略收縮,以集中在本土周邊應(yīng)付歐美力量東擴(kuò)。而俄羅斯也鑒于自身的常規(guī)戰(zhàn)力不及北約,所以俄羅斯調(diào)整了其核武的使用原則,降低了使用門坎,也更重視了戰(zhàn)術(shù)核武。降低了核武的使用原則可以使俄羅斯常規(guī)部隊(duì)在局部戰(zhàn)爭中未能擊退入侵?jǐn)橙说臅r(shí)候也可以使用核武來擊退敵人。除此之外,俄羅斯也重視周邊地區(qū)的區(qū)域聯(lián)盟,以鞏固俄羅斯在這些地區(qū)的影響力。 綜觀俄羅斯聯(lián)邦成立的這二十年來,俄羅斯與歐美的關(guān)系時(shí)有起伏,其原因?yàn)榧词苟砹_斯基本上傾向于與歐美合作,但其對自己勢力范圍的認(rèn)知與現(xiàn)實(shí)有差距,這使得當(dāng)歐美擴(kuò)張其勢力時(shí)俄羅斯感到不滿。只要俄羅斯對自己勢力范圍的認(rèn)知與現(xiàn)實(shí)符合,俄羅斯與歐美的關(guān)系便會處于長期合作的狀態(tài)。
[Abstract]:After the end of the cold war, after the disintegration of the Soviet Eastern Group, the pro Soviet Russian regime in Eastern Europe went down and the Russian forces in Eastern Europe disappeared overnight and had a great influence on the Russian military strategy. At the same time, the European and American countries began to expand their forces in these areas, such as the eastern expansion of NATO and the accession of the Eastern European countries to the EU. And the United States also had troops in Central Asia and had military cooperation with other countries in the region. The eastern expansion of the United States and Europe made Russia feel a threat. The military response has become an important means for Russia to resist the eastward expansion of European and American forces.
In order to combat the eastern expansion of Europe and the United States, Russia has different military deployments in the Russian European region, the Caucasus and Central Asia, the three areas in contact with the European and American forces. In the Russian European part, Russia mainly responds to the Eastern European countries' accession to NATO. In the Caucasus, it is aimed at the Georgian and European and American Georgian. The corresponding military action occurred in the border dispute. In Central Asia, it was to cope with the European and American garrison in the region after the 911 incident.
In addition to deployment, Russia has carried out two practical military operations to expand the eastern expansion of the European and American forces. After the first NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999, Russia, without prior notification of NATO, had sent troops to seize the airport in the capital of Kosovo, causing a confrontation between the Russian army and NATO. The second time was 2008. In the war of Georgia in the 1990s, the Russian army made a military strike against the pro European and American Georgian forces, which made Russia's relations with Europe and the United States, especially the United States very tense.
Russia is more strongly opposed to the United States' desire to deploy anti missile systems in Eastern Europe. Russia believes that the system will affect Russia's strategic nuclear strike on the United States, and the nuclear strike capability can be said to be the root of the Russian global strategy. In order to oppose the United States plan, Russia has done a lot of corresponding action, such as The deployment of ballistic missiles and threats to Poland in the enclave of Kaliningrad will be dealt with.
In the face of the eastern expansion of the European and American forces, Russia has also made a corresponding adjustment in the military development. Since Russia's economic downturn in 90s, Russia's military science and technology development needs to be adjusted to cope with the eastern expansion of the European and American forces. Russia has basically concentrated resources to develop the strategic nuclear force, such as priority. Developing strategic intercontinental ballistic missiles and so on. In strategic thinking, Russia made a strategic contraction around the world to concentrate on the local periphery to cope with the eastward expansion of the European and American forces. And Russia, in view of its own conventional forces, was less than NATO, so Russia has adjusted its use of nuclear weapons, reduced the use of the threshold, and paid more attention to the tactical nuclear. By reducing the principle of use of nuclear weapons, the Russian conventional forces can also use nuclear weapons to attack the enemy when they fail to retreat to the enemy in a local war. In addition, Russia also attaches importance to the regional alliance in the surrounding areas to consolidate the power of Russia in these areas.
In the twenty years of the founding of Russian Federation, Russia and Europe and the United States have undulated relations. The reason is that even Russia is basically inclined to cooperate with Europe and the United States, but there is a gap between the cognition and reality of its own sphere of influence, which makes Russia feel dissatisfied with the expansion of its forces in Europe and the United States. In accordance with the reality, the relationship between Russia and Europe and the United States will be in long-term cooperation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：E512;D851.2
本文編號：2119681
[Abstract]:After the end of the cold war, after the disintegration of the Soviet Eastern Group, the pro Soviet Russian regime in Eastern Europe went down and the Russian forces in Eastern Europe disappeared overnight and had a great influence on the Russian military strategy. At the same time, the European and American countries began to expand their forces in these areas, such as the eastern expansion of NATO and the accession of the Eastern European countries to the EU. And the United States also had troops in Central Asia and had military cooperation with other countries in the region. The eastern expansion of the United States and Europe made Russia feel a threat. The military response has become an important means for Russia to resist the eastward expansion of European and American forces.
In order to combat the eastern expansion of Europe and the United States, Russia has different military deployments in the Russian European region, the Caucasus and Central Asia, the three areas in contact with the European and American forces. In the Russian European part, Russia mainly responds to the Eastern European countries' accession to NATO. In the Caucasus, it is aimed at the Georgian and European and American Georgian. The corresponding military action occurred in the border dispute. In Central Asia, it was to cope with the European and American garrison in the region after the 911 incident.
In addition to deployment, Russia has carried out two practical military operations to expand the eastern expansion of the European and American forces. After the first NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999, Russia, without prior notification of NATO, had sent troops to seize the airport in the capital of Kosovo, causing a confrontation between the Russian army and NATO. The second time was 2008. In the war of Georgia in the 1990s, the Russian army made a military strike against the pro European and American Georgian forces, which made Russia's relations with Europe and the United States, especially the United States very tense.
Russia is more strongly opposed to the United States' desire to deploy anti missile systems in Eastern Europe. Russia believes that the system will affect Russia's strategic nuclear strike on the United States, and the nuclear strike capability can be said to be the root of the Russian global strategy. In order to oppose the United States plan, Russia has done a lot of corresponding action, such as The deployment of ballistic missiles and threats to Poland in the enclave of Kaliningrad will be dealt with.
In the face of the eastern expansion of the European and American forces, Russia has also made a corresponding adjustment in the military development. Since Russia's economic downturn in 90s, Russia's military science and technology development needs to be adjusted to cope with the eastern expansion of the European and American forces. Russia has basically concentrated resources to develop the strategic nuclear force, such as priority. Developing strategic intercontinental ballistic missiles and so on. In strategic thinking, Russia made a strategic contraction around the world to concentrate on the local periphery to cope with the eastward expansion of the European and American forces. And Russia, in view of its own conventional forces, was less than NATO, so Russia has adjusted its use of nuclear weapons, reduced the use of the threshold, and paid more attention to the tactical nuclear. By reducing the principle of use of nuclear weapons, the Russian conventional forces can also use nuclear weapons to attack the enemy when they fail to retreat to the enemy in a local war. In addition, Russia also attaches importance to the regional alliance in the surrounding areas to consolidate the power of Russia in these areas.
In the twenty years of the founding of Russian Federation, Russia and Europe and the United States have undulated relations. The reason is that even Russia is basically inclined to cooperate with Europe and the United States, but there is a gap between the cognition and reality of its own sphere of influence, which makes Russia feel dissatisfied with the expansion of its forces in Europe and the United States. In accordance with the reality, the relationship between Russia and Europe and the United States will be in long-term cooperation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：E512;D851.2
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，本文編號：2119681
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