本文選題：美國 + 印度尼西亞　； 參考：《華東師范大學》2012年博士論文

【摘要】：美國與印度尼西亞外交關(guān)系是冷戰(zhàn)時期美國與第三世界國家,尤其是不結(jié)盟國家關(guān)系的重要內(nèi)容和典型縮影。冷戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)后,美國試圖將印尼拉入西方陣營,使其成為自由世界的組成部分,但卻在相當長的時期內(nèi)被印尼與共產(chǎn)主義錯綜復雜的關(guān)系所困擾。與其他亞非新興國家不同,印尼不僅是不結(jié)盟運動的重要領(lǐng)導力量,同時也是世界第三大共產(chǎn)黨——印尼共產(chǎn)黨的所在地。更特殊但卻一直被忽視的是,自1955年后長達十年的時間里,美-印尼關(guān)系被印尼出現(xiàn)的一系列領(lǐng)土問題所干擾,美國對此問題的反應(yīng)和政策同其他因素一起塑造了這一時期的美-印尼關(guān)系。關(guān)于1956至1966年期間美-印尼關(guān)系發(fā)展的宏觀脈絡(luò),國內(nèi)外學者已基本勾勒清楚,本文的研究旨在探討美國對印尼領(lǐng)土問題的反應(yīng)和政策,與美-印尼關(guān)系變化之間的關(guān)系,并分析這一因素與包括美國對外援助、印尼內(nèi)政以及同中蘇的爭奪等因素在雙方關(guān)系發(fā)展過程中的相互作用。本文認為,美國對印尼領(lǐng)土問題的反應(yīng)和政策一步步削弱和侵蝕著戰(zhàn)后初期同印尼建立的友好關(guān)系,并最終導致1965年雙方走向破裂的邊緣。 本文研究使用的文獻資料主要來源于美國政府解密檔案、中國外交部檔案、部分被翻譯成中文或英文的前蘇聯(lián)檔案,以及親歷者的回憶錄和其他相關(guān)學術(shù)論著。文章分五部分展開論述。 第一章主要分析美國與印尼友好關(guān)系的形成,以及美國對印尼領(lǐng)土問題的初步反應(yīng)與政策。戰(zhàn)后美國對印尼政策以及美-印尼關(guān)系的形成并非孤立事件,而是以美國對東南亞,乃至亞洲政策的演變?yōu)楸尘暗摹＠鋺?zhàn)的形成和向亞洲的擴展改變了包括印尼在內(nèi)的東南亞地區(qū)在美國對外戰(zhàn)略中的地位,至杜魯門執(zhí)政結(jié)束,美國與印尼基本形成以美國援助為基礎(chǔ)的友好關(guān)系。同時這段時期也是印尼建國后最為困難的時期,除經(jīng)濟蕭條外,還面臨領(lǐng)土分裂的危險,以及部分領(lǐng)土繼續(xù)被荷蘭占據(jù)的現(xiàn)實。對于印尼的領(lǐng)土問題,由于牽扯到西方盟友荷蘭,美國采取的基本原則是“既要滿足民族主義者的基本要求,同時要將作為美國西方盟友的殖民勢力的壓力減少到最小的程度”,據(jù)此,美國采取反對荷蘭干涉印尼的地方叛亂,但在西伊里安爭端問題上選擇“維持現(xiàn)狀”的政策。 第二章主要論述美國對印尼外島叛亂的分析、決策過程,以及美國支持叛亂政策對美-印尼關(guān)系造成的影響。艾森豪威爾政府上臺時,美國面臨的印尼局勢發(fā)生明顯變化,最突出的是印尼阿里政府確立不結(jié)盟外交政策,開始積極發(fā)展與中蘇關(guān)系,并努力推動亞非獨立力量的形成。作為應(yīng)對,美國對印尼政策做出一系列調(diào)整,但卻始終無法改變印尼向共產(chǎn)主義靠攏的“現(xiàn)實”。在美國接連受挫之際,打著反共旗號的外島叛亂為美國迅速實現(xiàn)對印尼政策目標提供了“機遇”。在政府高層和中情局的推動下,艾森豪威爾政府做出了秘密支持外島叛亂、分裂印尼的決定。但最終外島叛亂迅速潰敗,美國支持叛亂的行徑導致美-印尼關(guān)系陷入低谷,而中蘇借機迅速拉近了與印尼中央政府的關(guān)系。 第三章著重探討美國對印尼與荷蘭西伊里安爭端的政策變化和調(diào)整。艾森豪威爾政府為修復因外島叛亂造成的美-印尼關(guān)系裂痕,加強和擴大了對印尼經(jīng)濟、軍事援助力度,但這一努力的作用被美國在西伊里安領(lǐng)土爭端中的消極中立政策所削弱；與此同時,中蘇通過對印尼收復西伊里安的支持,進一步加強了與后者的關(guān)系。至肯尼迪上臺,西伊里安爭端已進入危機階段,印尼-荷處于爆發(fā)戰(zhàn)爭的邊緣。致力于以現(xiàn)代化理論應(yīng)對第三世界動蕩問題的肯尼迪政府,為促使印尼將正常重心轉(zhuǎn)向國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展,經(jīng)過曲折的政策調(diào)整,最終拋棄了前任的消極中立政策,通過積極斡旋實現(xiàn)爭端的和平解決,幫助印尼以間接方式收復領(lǐng)土,為恢復印尼友好關(guān)系創(chuàng)造了條件。 第四章重點分析了西伊里安爭端后,美國對接踵而來的印馬爭端的態(tài)度和政策,及其對美-印尼關(guān)系的影響。美國幫助印尼收復西伊里安后,印尼政府的戰(zhàn)略中心并未如美國所愿回歸國內(nèi)建設(shè),而是迅速卷入與馬來西亞的另一場領(lǐng)土爭端。由于印馬爭端同時牽扯到英國、澳大利亞、新西蘭等盟友,在越戰(zhàn)沖突加劇的背景下,肯尼迪政府被迫中止部分援助以示對印尼實行粉碎馬來西亞政策的反對姿態(tài)。約翰遜政府上臺后,美國起初試圖通過積極外交斡旋解決爭端,避免在印度支那之外爆發(fā)另一場東南亞沖突,但美國的努力最終化為泡影。在印尼對馬來西亞對抗行動升級后,隨著1965年美國對印尼全部援助的中止,以及印尼反美運動的爆發(fā),美國與印尼關(guān)系陷入破裂的邊緣；另一方面,印尼與中國卻在同-時期因相互利益的需要,建立起“準同盟”的親密關(guān)系,中國超越美國成為對印尼政治事務(wù)最有影響力的國家。至此,美國試圖拉攏印尼,避免其渭入共產(chǎn)主義軌道的政策遭遇全面失敗,1950年初期的美-印尼友好關(guān)系基本宣告結(jié)束�！熬拧と鹗录焙�,蘇哈托的上臺使得美國在對印尼政策陷入絕望之際幸運地迎來了親美的新政權(quán)。蘇哈托政府改變了前任的激進外交政策,將國家戰(zhàn)略中心轉(zhuǎn)向經(jīng)濟發(fā)展,并迅速和平解決了僵持已久的印馬爭端。此后,再未受到領(lǐng)土問題因素干擾的美-印尼關(guān)系重新進入友好時期。 論文結(jié)論部分概括并分析了1956至1966年期間,美國對印尼領(lǐng)土問題的政策影響和塑造美-印尼關(guān)系的整個過程。文章認為,從外島叛亂到西伊里安危機,再到印馬領(lǐng)土爭端,美國對印尼一系列領(lǐng)土問題的反應(yīng)和政策,一步步削弱著通過大規(guī)模援助奠定的雙方友好關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ),從而將印尼“拱手”讓給了共產(chǎn)黨集團；也正是美國在這一時期對印尼領(lǐng)土問題的政策,成為塑造1956至1966年期間美國與印尼關(guān)系雖非唯一但卻最為關(guān)鍵的因素。
[Abstract]:The diplomatic relations between the United States and Indonesia are the important elements and typical epitome of the relations between the United States and the third world countries, especially the non aligned countries during the cold war. After the outbreak of the cold war, the United States tried to pull Indonesia into the Western camp and make it a part of the free world, but it was in a long period of time by Indonesia and communism. Unlike other Asian and African emerging countries, Indonesia is not only an important leader of the non aligned movement, but also the place where the third largest Communist Party of the world, the Communist Party of Indonesia, is more special but has been ignored in the ten years since 1955, and the relationship between the United States and Indonesia has been a series of leaders in Indonesia. The response and policy of the United States to this issue shaped the United States Indonesian relationship with other factors. On the macro context of the development of the relationship between the United States and Indonesia during the period of 1956 to 1966, scholars at home and abroad have basically outlined it. The study of this article is aimed at exploring the reaction and policy of the United States to the territorial issue of Indonesia and the United States. The relationship between the relationship between Indonesia and Indonesia, and the interaction between this factor and the development process of bilateral relations, including the foreign aid of the United States, the internal affairs of Indonesia and the contention with China and the Soviet Union. This article holds that the United States' response to the Indonesian territorial issue and its policy have weakened and eroded the friendly customs established with Indonesia in the early postwar period. It finally led to the collapse of the two sides in 1965.
The documents used in this paper mainly come from the declassified archives of the United States government, the archives of the Ministry of foreign affairs of China, some of the former Soviet files translated into Chinese or English, as well as the Memoirs of the experienced people and other related academic treatises. The articles are discussed in five parts.
The first chapter mainly analyzes the formation of the friendly relations between the United States and Indonesia, as well as the preliminary response and policy of the United States to the territorial issue of Indonesia. After the war, the formation of the policy of Indonesia and the formation of the relationship between the United States and Indonesia is not an isolated incident, but the background of the evolution of the American policy on Southeast Asia and even Asia. It has changed the position of Southeast Asia, including Indonesia, in the foreign strategy of the United States. To the end of Truman's administration, the United States and Indonesia have basically formed a friendly relationship based on American aid. This period is also the most difficult period after the founding of the country. In addition to the economic depression, it also faces the danger of territorial division and part of the leadership. The Earth continues to be occupied by Holland. For the territorial issue of Indonesia, the basic principle adopted by the United States is "to meet the basic requirements of nationalists and to minimize the pressure of the colonial forces of the Western allies of the United States to a minimum" because of the involvement of the Western allies in Holland. Accordingly, the United States has taken against the interference of Holland. Indonesia's local rebellion, but chose the policy of "maintaining the status quo" on the West rian dispute.
The second chapter mainly discusses the analysis of the United States' rebellion on the Indonesian island, the process of decision-making, and the impact of the United States supporting the rebel policy on the relationship between the United States and Indonesia. When the Eisenhower administration came to power, the United States faced a significant change in the situation in Indonesia. The most prominent is that the Indonesian Ali government established the non aligned foreign policy and began to develop actively and in the middle of the country. As a response, the United States has made a series of adjustments to the Indonesian policy, but it has always been unable to change the "reality" of Indonesia's approach to communism. As the United States is frustrated, the rebel insurgency with the anti Communist flag provides the opportunity for the United States to quickly achieve its policy goals for Indonesia. Under the impetus of the government and the CIA, the Eisenhower administration made a secret support for the Island Rebellion and split Indonesia's decision. But eventually the foreign Island Rebellion was rapidly defeated, and the United States support for the insurgency led to a trough in the relationship between the United States and Indonesia, which quickly drew closer ties with the central government of Indonesia.
The third chapter focuses on the policy changes and adjustment of the United States' dispute between Indonesia and the west of Holland. The Eisenhower administration has strengthened and expanded its military aid to Indonesia's economic and military assistance to restore the relationship between the United States and Indonesia caused by the insurgency of the island, but the role of this effort is passive neutrality in the territorial dispute between the United States and the West. At the same time, China and the Soviet Union strengthened their relations with the latter through the support of Indonesia's recovery of West ulian. To the stage of Kennedy, the dispute between the West and the west is in the crisis stage. Indonesia - Hollywood was on the brink of the outbreak of the war. It was committed to the Kennedy administration of the third world turbulence with the modernization theory. It turned the normal center of gravity to the domestic economic development, after a tortuous policy adjustment, eventually abandoned the negative neutral policy of the predecessor, realized the peaceful settlement of the dispute through active mediation, helped Indonesia recover its territory in an indirect way, and created conditions for restoring the friendly relations of Indonesia.
The fourth chapter focuses on the analysis of the attitude and policy of the India Malaysia dispute after the western ilian dispute and the heel of the United States, as well as its influence on the relationship between the United States and Indonesia. After the United States helped Indonesia to recover West ilian, the strategic center of the Indonesian government did not return to domestic construction as the United States wished, but was quickly involved in another territorial dispute with Malaysia. At the same time, the Kennedy administration was forced to suspend partial assistance to show the Indonesian policy of smashing Malaysia in the context of the intensification of the Vietnam War. After the Johnson administration came to power, the United States began to resolve disputes through positive diplomatic mediation. Another outbreak of the Southeast Asian conflict outside Indochina, but the American effort eventually turned into a bubble. After the Indonesian confrontation with Malaysia, the United States and Indonesia fell into a broken edge with the suspension of all American assistance to Indonesia in 1965 and the outbreak of the Indonesian anti American movement; on the other hand, Indonesia and China were in the same way. In the period of mutual interest, a close relationship between the "quasi alliance" was established. China surpassed the United States and became the most influential country in the political affairs of Indonesia. At this point, the US policy of trying to close Indonesia and avoid its entry into the Communist orbit was completely defeated. The American Indonesian friendly relationship in the early 1950 was basically declared to end. "Nine." After the three event, Suharto came to power to make the United States luckily ushered in the new regime of pro american in the despair of the Indonesian policy. The Suharto administration changed the former's radical foreign policy, turned the national strategic center to the economic development, and quickly settled the long-standing Indian dispute. Since then, it has not been subject to the territorial problem. U.S. Indonesian relations, which have been interfered by factors, have entered a friendly period again.
The conclusion of the thesis summarizes and analyzes the policy impact of the United States on the Indonesian territorial issue and the whole process of shaping the relationship between the United States and Indonesia during the period of 1956 to 1966. The article believes that the response and policy of the United States to a series of territorial issues of Indonesia from the insurgency to the West Iraq crisis and the territorial dispute over the Indonesian country have been weakened by a step by step. The foundation of the friendly relations between the two sides has been laid on the basis of the aid of scale aid, thus giving up the "arch" of Indonesia to the Communist Party; it is also the United States' policy on the territorial issue of Indonesia in this period, which is not the only but the most important factor in shaping the relationship between the United States and Indonesia during the period of 1956 to 1966.
【學位授予單位】：華東師范大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：D819

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