本文選題：參與進(jìn)程 + 社會(huì)性克制�。� 參考：《外交學(xué)院》2012年博士論文

【摘要】：本文的核心問(wèn)題是：為什么有的武裝組織放棄招募和使用兒童兵，選擇社會(huì)性克制呢？該問(wèn)題源于經(jīng)驗(yàn)現(xiàn)實(shí)的困惑。在當(dāng)代內(nèi)戰(zhàn)與武裝沖突中，兒童淪為武裝組織襲擊和招募的目標(biāo)。招募和使用兒童兵是武裝組織理性、現(xiàn)實(shí)的選擇。但是，越來(lái)越多的武裝組織選擇放棄招募和使用兒童兵，保持行為克制。武力打擊、法律威懾與懲罰、間接政治施壓和經(jīng)濟(jì)制裁有一定的作用，但是更容易激起武裝組織的反抗和報(bào)復(fù)，進(jìn)而招募更多的兒童兵。 本文提出了以“參與進(jìn)程”為核心概念的理論分析框架，旨在探討武裝組織選擇社會(huì)性克制的動(dòng)力與進(jìn)程問(wèn)題。參與進(jìn)程是指：行動(dòng)者參加、維持和發(fā)展社會(huì)實(shí)踐與社會(huì)意義的動(dòng)態(tài)關(guān)系。社會(huì)性克制是指：有能力、有意愿招募和使用兒童兵的武裝組織放棄招募和使用兒童兵，接受國(guó)際人道主義規(guī)范，保持自我行為克制。 本文假設(shè)：參與進(jìn)程有助于說(shuō)服武裝組織學(xué)習(xí)和接受新規(guī)范、放棄招募和使用兒童兵、保持行為克制。參與進(jìn)程強(qiáng)調(diào)接觸、對(duì)話和談判，重視過(guò)程性因素。通過(guò)監(jiān)測(cè)和報(bào)告機(jī)制、制度設(shè)計(jì)兩大規(guī)范傳播機(jī)制，武裝組織在國(guó)際、國(guó)內(nèi)和平進(jìn)程中的參與實(shí)踐有助于推動(dòng)武裝組織學(xué)習(xí)新規(guī)范，催生信任與合作意識(shí)，重新界定行動(dòng)意義與利益，進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致漸進(jìn)式變化，保持行為克制。此外，武裝組織的參與程度也影響其接受和遵守規(guī)范的程度。 本文選取了冷戰(zhàn)后布隆迪與烏干達(dá)境內(nèi)的武裝組織作為對(duì)比案例。布隆迪境內(nèi)的武裝組織主要是保衛(wèi)民主全國(guó)委員會(huì)—保衛(wèi)民主力量、胡圖人解放黨—民主解放力量。通過(guò)參與國(guó)際、國(guó)內(nèi)進(jìn)程，他們最后都放棄招募和使用兒童，釋放了部隊(duì)內(nèi)的兒童兵，因此從“黑名單”中刪除。與此形成鮮明對(duì)比的案例是烏干達(dá)上帝抵抗軍。聯(lián)合國(guó)仍未同上帝抵抗軍進(jìn)行直接接觸與對(duì)話，而烏干達(dá)人民國(guó)防軍的軍事行動(dòng)宣告朱巴和平進(jìn)程失敗。迄今，上帝抵抗軍仍在招募和使用兒童兵，并犯有殺戮、殘害、強(qiáng)奸等侵害兒童的罪行。上述案例表明，參與進(jìn)程有助于說(shuō)服武裝組織放棄招募和使用兒童兵，選擇社會(huì)性克制；在國(guó)際、國(guó)內(nèi)和平進(jìn)程的參與程度越高，武裝組織越容易接受規(guī)范。
[Abstract]:The core question of this paper is: why did some armed groups abandon the recruitment and use of child soldiers and opt for social restraint? The problem stems from the confusion of empirical reality. In contemporary civil wars and armed conflicts, children are the targets of attacks and recruitment by armed groups. The recruitment and use of child soldiers is a rational and realistic choice for armed groups. However, an increasing number of armed groups are opting to forgo the recruitment and use of child soldiers and exercise restraint. Force strikes, legal deterrence and punishment, indirect political pressure and economic sanctions have a certain effect, but they are more likely to provoke resistance and retaliation by armed groups and thus recruit more child soldiers. In this paper, a theoretical analysis framework based on the concept of "participatory process" is proposed, which aims at exploring the motive force and process of the choice of social restraint by armed organizations. Participatory process refers to the participation, maintenance and development of the dynamic relationship between social practice and social significance. Social restraint means that armed organizations that have the ability and will to recruit and use child soldiers abandon the recruitment and use of child soldiers, accept international humanitarian norms, and exercise self-restraint. This paper assumes that participatory processes help to persuade armed groups to learn and accept new norms, to forgo the recruitment and use of child soldiers, and to exercise restraint. Participatory processes emphasize engagement, dialogue and negotiation, and focus on process factors. Through the monitoring and reporting mechanism, the system designs two major normative dissemination mechanisms. The participation of armed organizations in international and domestic peace processes helps to promote the armed organizations to learn new norms and to create a sense of trust and cooperation. Redefine the meaning and interests of action, and then lead to gradual change and exercise restraint. In addition, the level of participation of armed groups also affects their acceptance of and compliance with norms. This paper chooses the armed groups in Burundi and Uganda after the Cold War as a contrast case. The main armed groups in Burundi are CNDD-FDD, PAHUTU-FDLR. By participating in international and domestic processes, they eventually abandoned the recruitment and use of children and released child soldiers from the ranks, thus removing them from the "blacklist". In stark contrast, Uganda's Lord's Resistance Army (LRA). The United Nations has yet to engage in direct contact and dialogue with the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), while the UPDF military operation has failed the Juba peace process. To date, LRA continues to recruit and use child soldiers and commit crimes against children such as killing, maiming and rape. The above examples show that participatory processes help to persuade armed groups to abandon the recruitment and use of child soldiers and to opt for social restraint; at the international level, the greater the level of participation in the internal peace process, the easier it is for armed groups to accept norms.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：外交學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：D815

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