霸權(quán)的衰落及其對(duì)后蘇聯(lián)地區(qū)主義的影響:在地區(qū)秩序的重塑中檢驗(yàn)霸權(quán)穩(wěn)定論
本文選題:霸權(quán)的衰落 + 后蘇聯(lián)區(qū)域主義; 參考:《吉林大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文
【摘要】:蘇聯(lián)解體后的區(qū)域主義是一種新現(xiàn)象,抑或是區(qū)域主義的一種獨(dú)特形式。之所以稱其為“新”,是因?yàn)樗扇×颂K聯(lián)解體后區(qū)域主義的形式。 首先,它的獨(dú)特性體現(xiàn)在后蘇聯(lián)區(qū)域主義中對(duì)應(yīng)的區(qū)域格局在權(quán)力分配方面存在較大的差距,因?yàn)槎砹_斯的經(jīng)濟(jì),政治和軍事能力都遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)該地區(qū)其他國(guó)家的能力。此外,前蘇聯(lián)共和國(guó)解體后的大部分國(guó)家都有著共同的經(jīng)濟(jì),環(huán)境,安全問題,這些問題也推動(dòng)他們需要相互合作。這里有幾個(gè)區(qū)域組織,但大部分都是俄國(guó)主辦的,他們的目的是使前蘇聯(lián)解體后形成的國(guó)家融入共同的經(jīng)濟(jì)項(xiàng)目之中。然而,蘇聯(lián)解體后二十年的研究表明后蘇聯(lián)區(qū)域主義并沒有真正意義上的整合好前蘇聯(lián)解體后的國(guó)家。 其次,它之所以獨(dú)特是因?yàn)橹髁鞯膰?guó)際關(guān)系理論還不能完全解釋蘇聯(lián)解體后區(qū)域主義的形成模式。新現(xiàn)實(shí)主義強(qiáng)調(diào)國(guó)家之間的權(quán)力分配,動(dòng)態(tài)的權(quán)力政治和國(guó)際結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)于后蘇聯(lián)區(qū)域主義形式是十分適合的。然而,新現(xiàn)實(shí)主義認(rèn)為區(qū)域主義作為一種對(duì)付外界強(qiáng)烈的威脅和挑戰(zhàn)的形式,它的出現(xiàn)是在情理之中的。此外,它忽略了一些小國(guó)在其外交決策中的國(guó)內(nèi)政治和利益及成本效益的考慮,特別是加入這樣區(qū)域一體化的項(xiàng)目。新自由制度還不能完全提供蘇聯(lián)解體后地區(qū)主義的解釋,因?yàn)樗鼜?qiáng)調(diào)國(guó)與國(guó)之間共同存在的問題,以及彼此之間的互利和強(qiáng)依存性問題,并在各國(guó)合作的國(guó)際機(jī)構(gòu)中提出優(yōu)先級(jí)待遇問題。綜上所述,前蘇聯(lián)解體后的國(guó)家都存在共同的問題,并擁有互利及高度集成的特點(diǎn),但它并沒有導(dǎo)致任何有效的區(qū)域機(jī)構(gòu)或區(qū)域主義的形成。關(guān)于特定區(qū)域的建構(gòu)必須建立在一定的區(qū)域意識(shí)和區(qū)域認(rèn)同基礎(chǔ)之上,其中每一個(gè)國(guó)家都起到相互照應(yīng)、相互信任的作用。一個(gè)地區(qū)的這些特點(diǎn)可能是適合后蘇聯(lián)地區(qū)和前蘇聯(lián)共和國(guó),因?yàn)樗麄內(nèi)匀挥幸恍肮残浴保覅^(qū)域身份也作為其共享蘇聯(lián)過(guò)去的結(jié)果。然而,這些共性既沒有將這些國(guó)家連在一起,也沒有形成有效的區(qū)域機(jī)構(gòu)。后蘇聯(lián)的區(qū)域主義,因此,是國(guó)際政治研究中一個(gè)奇特的個(gè)案研究,因?yàn)榍疤K聯(lián)共和國(guó)并不是遵守國(guó)際關(guān)系的主要理論而建立國(guó)家的。因此,只有理論和方法相結(jié)合才能解釋后蘇聯(lián)區(qū)域主義模式失敗的原因。 本文試圖結(jié)合霸權(quán)穩(wěn)定論、新現(xiàn)實(shí)主義在特定版本和小國(guó)的政治領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的國(guó)內(nèi)政治考慮等因素來(lái)解釋后蘇聯(lián)區(qū)域主義的失敗。并進(jìn)一步指出,后蘇聯(lián)區(qū)域主義的失敗是俄國(guó)區(qū)域霸權(quán)持續(xù)下降的表現(xiàn)。在冷戰(zhàn)期間兩個(gè)超級(jí)大國(guó)通過(guò)建立強(qiáng)有力的區(qū)域機(jī)構(gòu)來(lái)維持自己的陣營(yíng)的實(shí)力,也包括他們的盟友。蘇聯(lián)集體之所以能持續(xù)是因?yàn)槌蓡T國(guó)之間實(shí)力差距較大,而且蘇聯(lián)華沙條約組織和經(jīng)互會(huì)來(lái)維持自己的區(qū)域體制的秩序。當(dāng)蘇聯(lián)因?yàn)閲?guó)內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)軟弱而國(guó)力衰落時(shí),區(qū)域體制的秩序被削弱并最終崩潰。冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后雖然國(guó)際權(quán)力結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生改變,蘇聯(lián)的繼承國(guó)——俄羅斯仍保持其在前蘇聯(lián)共和國(guó)區(qū)域中的霸權(quán)地位。在蘇聯(lián)解體后的最初幾年,俄羅斯作為這一地區(qū)的霸主并承認(rèn)其對(duì)“近鄰”的特殊責(zé)任,它率先提出建立區(qū)域體制秩序的倡議。例如,包括所有前蘇聯(lián)共和國(guó)的獨(dú)立國(guó)家聯(lián)合體(獨(dú)聯(lián)體)的成立就是由俄羅斯倡導(dǎo)的,并作為實(shí)現(xiàn)其地區(qū)霸權(quán)利益的手段。前蘇聯(lián)共和國(guó)的獨(dú)立國(guó)尋求與區(qū)域霸主俄羅斯和平共處,希望獲得特殊的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì),特別是利于自身發(fā)展的經(jīng)濟(jì)援助。然而,俄羅斯日益惡化的經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)和其每況愈下的形勢(shì)為其建立有效的區(qū)域機(jī)構(gòu)帶來(lái)負(fù)面影響,并導(dǎo)致區(qū)域主義模式形成的失敗。 當(dāng)區(qū)域霸主每況愈下時(shí),小國(guó)應(yīng)采取怎樣的應(yīng)對(duì)策略?前蘇聯(lián)共和國(guó)的獨(dú)立國(guó)所采取的行為是回答這個(gè)問題很好的例子。當(dāng)區(qū)域霸主每況愈下時(shí),小國(guó)應(yīng)尋求其他利益資源因?yàn)榘灾饕呀?jīng)沒有能力維持區(qū)域體制秩序。因此,小國(guó)將尋求不同區(qū)域的權(quán)力,這樣可以國(guó)內(nèi)政治情況為他們提供必要的資金和其他生活必需品。這將導(dǎo)致“地緣政治多元化”的出現(xiàn),即“到達(dá)”的地區(qū),大國(guó)在這里的影響力不大。因此,該地區(qū)霸主實(shí)力的下降可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致霸主改變。首先,當(dāng)缺乏經(jīng)濟(jì)盈余時(shí),霸權(quán)的衰落是其主導(dǎo)狀態(tài)絕對(duì)下降的結(jié)果,絕對(duì)和相對(duì)規(guī)模減弱霸主之間實(shí)力的比較。第二,跌幅可以是其他地區(qū)大國(guó)的影響力下降的霸主“到達(dá)”這一領(lǐng)域的結(jié)果,即使地區(qū)霸主的絕對(duì)規(guī)模是增加的。 俄羅斯無(wú)力維持像獨(dú)聯(lián)體這樣的區(qū)域機(jī)構(gòu),因此也就不能推動(dòng)其像前蘇聯(lián)那樣與歐盟,美國(guó)和中國(guó)建立合作戰(zhàn)略。這種戰(zhàn)略響應(yīng)已經(jīng)成為一種政策,不僅是那些已經(jīng)不愿意加入后蘇聯(lián)區(qū)域機(jī)構(gòu)的參與者,例如烏克蘭,而且也包括那些對(duì)于后蘇聯(lián)區(qū)域合作一直充滿熱情的國(guó)家,,如哈薩克斯坦。因此,這些國(guó)家的戰(zhàn)略響應(yīng)表明和更強(qiáng)大的地區(qū)大國(guó)的合作形式將使后蘇聯(lián)地區(qū)出現(xiàn)“地緣政治多元化”現(xiàn)象。從歐盟,美國(guó)和中國(guó)曾經(jīng)對(duì)前蘇聯(lián)共和國(guó)的政策可以看出,目前有一些地區(qū)大國(guó),在后蘇聯(lián)地區(qū),俄羅斯已不再是強(qiáng)大的地區(qū)霸主。因此,俄羅斯經(jīng)歷了兩次霸權(quán)衰落的過(guò)程,第一次是在90年代初,它由于經(jīng)濟(jì)衰落而導(dǎo)致的絕對(duì)規(guī)模的減弱,第二次是當(dāng)“地緣政治多元化”出現(xiàn)時(shí),俄羅斯在后蘇聯(lián)地區(qū)的相對(duì)實(shí)力下降,盡管事實(shí)上,它的絕對(duì)權(quán)力比90年代初是增加了的。 總之,筆者認(rèn)為,俄羅斯地區(qū)霸權(quán)的衰落直接導(dǎo)致后蘇聯(lián)區(qū)域主義失敗。俄羅斯不能像曾經(jīng)的蘇聯(lián)共和國(guó)通過(guò)合作為其他地區(qū)的大國(guó)帶去利益,也就引致“地緣政治多元化”的出現(xiàn),因此,區(qū)域主義的形成更具復(fù)雜性。
[Abstract]:Regionalism after the disintegration of the Soviet Union is a new phenomenon or a unique form of regionalism. It is called "new" because it has taken the form of regionalism after the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
First, its uniqueness is reflected in the large gap in the distribution of power in the regional pattern of the regionalism of the post Soviet Union, because the economic, political and military capabilities of Russia are far beyond the capabilities of other countries in the region. In addition, most of the countries after the disintegration of the former Soviet Republic have a common economy, environment, and security. There are several regional organizations, but most of them are hosted by Russia. Their aim is to integrate the countries of the former Soviet Union into a common economic project. However, twenty years after the disintegration of the Soviet Union showed that the Soviet regionalism was not really meaningful. The integration of the country after the disintegration of the former Soviet Union.
Secondly, it is unique because the mainstream theory of international relations can not fully explain the formation pattern of regionalism after the disintegration of the Soviet Union. The Neo realism emphasizes the distribution of power between countries. Dynamic power politics and international structure are suitable for the form of regionalism in the post Soviet Union. However, the Neo realism thinks that the regional owner is ten. The emergence of righteousness as a form of dealing with the strong threats and challenges of the outside world is justified. In addition, it ignores the domestic politics and interests and cost-effectiveness of some small countries in their diplomatic decision-making, especially in such a regional integration project. The new self imposed system can not fully provide the disintegration of the Soviet Union. The explanation, because it emphasizes the common existing problems between countries, and the mutual benefit and strong dependence of each other, and puts forward priority treatment in the international institutions of cooperation among countries. In summary, the countries of the former Soviet Union have common problems and have the characteristics of mutual benefit and high integration, but it does not There is the formation of any effective regional institutions or regionalism. The construction of a specific region must be based on a certain regional awareness and regional identity, of which each country plays the role of mutual care and mutual trust. These characteristics of a region may be suitable for the post Soviet and former Soviet republics. There are still some "commonalities" for them, and regional identity is the result of the past of the Soviet Union. However, these commonalities have neither linked these countries nor formed effective regional institutions. The regionalism of the post Soviet Union, therefore, is a peculiar case study of international political studies, because the former Soviet Republic and the Republic of Soviet Union Only by combining theory with method can we explain the failure of the Soviet Union's regionalism model.
This article tries to explain the failure of the Soviet regionalism in the light of the theory of hegemony stability and the internal political considerations of the political leaders of the small country and the new realism, and further points out that the failure of the regionalism in the post Soviet Union is the appearance of the continuous decline of the Russian Regional hegemony. During the cold war, the two superpowers were established. Strong regional institutions to maintain the strength of their camps, including their allies. The Soviet Union can continue because of the strength gap between the Member States, and the Soviet Warsaw Treaty Organization and the mutual association to maintain the order of its own regional system. The order of the system was weakened and eventually collapsed. After the end of the cold war, although the structure of the international power changed, the Soviet successor, Russia, remained its hegemonic position in the former Soviet Republic. In the first few years after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Russia was the hegemony of the region and recognized its special responsibility for the "close neighbour". For example, the establishment of the independent state Federation (CIS) of all the former Soviet republics, for example, was initiated by Russia and was used as a means to achieve the hegemonic interests of its region. The independent state of the former Soviet Republic sought peaceful coexistence with the regional hegemonism of Russia, hoping to obtain special rewards, In particular, economic aid that is conducive to its own development. However, the worsening economic crisis in Russia and its deteriorating situation have brought negative effects on the establishment of effective regional institutions and led to the failure of the regionalism model.
When regional hegemony is deteriorating, what should a small country take? The action taken by the independent state of the former Soviet Republic is a good example to answer this question. When the regional hegemon goes from bad to worse, the small country should seek other benefits because the hegemon has no ability to maintain the regional system order. Therefore, the small countries will seek not. The power of the same region can provide them with the necessary funds and other necessities of life in the domestic political situation. This will lead to the emergence of "geopolitical diversification", that is, "arrive" in a region where great powers have little influence. Therefore, the downfall of the hegemonic power of the region may lead to a change of hegemony. First, the lack of economy. When the surplus is, the decline of hegemony is the result of the absolute decline in its dominant state, and the comparison between the absolute and relative size of the hegemonism is weakened. Second, the decline can be the result of the "arrival" of the hegemonic hegemony of other regional powers, even if the regional hegemonism is on an increase in size.
Russia is unable to maintain regional institutions such as the Commonwealth of Independent States, and therefore can not promote its cooperation strategy with the EU, the United States and China as the former Soviet Union. This strategic response has become a policy, not only the participants who are unwilling to join the post Soviet regional institutions, such as Ukraine, but also those that are in the same way. In the post Soviet Union, regional cooperation has been full of enthusiastic countries, such as Kazakhstan. Therefore, the strategic response of these countries shows that the cooperation form of the stronger regional powers will lead to the phenomenon of "geopolitical pluralism" in the post Soviet Union. Some regional powers, in the post Soviet region, Russia is no longer a powerful regional hegemon. Therefore, Russia has experienced two hegemonic declines, the first was the decline of the absolute scale caused by its economic decline in the early 90s, and the second was when the "geo governance diversification" appeared, Russia was in the post Soviet Union. Relative strength declined despite the fact that its absolute power increased in the early 90s.
In a word, the author believes that the decline of Russian hegemony directly leads to the failure of regionalism in the post Soviet Union. Russia can not take the interests of the former Soviet Republic through cooperation for other countries, and lead to the emergence of "geopolitical pluralism". Therefore, the formation of regionalism is more complex.
【學(xué)位授予單位】:吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】:碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】:2012
【分類號(hào)】:D80;D851.2
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7 ;Financial Innovation Research under the Regional Financial Cooperation of Beijing-Tianjin-Langfang[A];Proceedings of Extended Research of Cluster Development Among Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and Urban Economic Orientation of Langfang[C];2011年
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10 ;Seismic anisotropy and mantle flow beneath northeast China inferred from regional seismic networks[A];中國(guó)科學(xué)院地質(zhì)與地球物理研究所第十屆(2010年度)學(xué)術(shù)年會(huì)論文集(上)[C];2011年
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4 海風(fēng);對(duì)域名霸權(quán)說(shuō)不[N];中國(guó)工商報(bào);2000年
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6 記者 胡曉明 譚新木;美正轉(zhuǎn)向“霸權(quán)統(tǒng)治”[N];新華每日電訊;2002年
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8 記者 辛儉強(qiáng);利用人權(quán)搞霸權(quán)行不通[N];新華每日電訊;2001年
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