本文選題：美國聯(lián)邦法令廢止權(quán)危機(jī) + 聯(lián)邦憲法�。� 參考：《陜西師范大學(xué)》2016年碩士論文

【摘要】：聯(lián)邦法令廢止權(quán)危機(jī)(Nullification Crisis),指的是1832年美國南卡羅來納宣布聯(lián)邦法令無效并聲稱退出聯(lián)邦所引發(fā)的危機(jī)。這場危機(jī)的直接原因是聯(lián)邦政府的高額關(guān)稅政策,南卡羅來納抗議無效,繼而直接拒絕執(zhí)行。南卡羅來納的行為造成自身與杰克遜總統(tǒng)的對立,國家一度陷入武力威脅和分裂危險(xiǎn)中。危機(jī)最終以雙方的妥協(xié)告終,它對美國憲政和聯(lián)邦的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了重大影響。本文試圖以南卡羅來納發(fā)生的廢止權(quán)危機(jī)這一事件為切入點(diǎn),以國家構(gòu)建理論為框架,研究19世紀(jì)30年代左右,美國人圍繞“把美國建設(shè)成什么樣的國家”這一問題的爭論。19世紀(jì)的美國處在經(jīng)濟(jì)社會的大變動時(shí)代,這一劇變從19世紀(jì)初就開始顯現(xiàn)。這一時(shí)期,美國北部制造業(yè)的發(fā)展嶄露頭角,給美國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展注入新的活力。與此同時(shí),南部的種植園農(nóng)業(yè)處在繁榮發(fā)展階段。這兩種不同的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展模式之間存在著不可調(diào)和的矛盾,表現(xiàn)在奴隸制問題和聯(lián)邦經(jīng)濟(jì)政策上的對立。伴隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的劇變,人們在“國家權(quán)力的來源”、“國家的權(quán)力在聯(lián)邦政府和州政府之間如何分配”以及“聯(lián)邦的合法性建立在什么基礎(chǔ)上”等問題上產(chǎn)生了新的爭議。聯(lián)邦國會中的國家主義者主張建立強(qiáng)大的聯(lián)邦政府,削弱各州的權(quán)力,州權(quán)主義者則主張限制聯(lián)邦政府的“集權(quán)化”進(jìn)程,捍衛(wèi)州的權(quán)力。南卡羅來納出于自身利益的考慮,不滿聯(lián)邦政府的關(guān)稅政策,認(rèn)為聯(lián)邦政府的“保護(hù)制”關(guān)稅政策通過犧牲聯(lián)邦某一區(qū)域的利益換取另一區(qū)域的繁榮,是“壓迫”和“暴政”的表現(xiàn)。南卡羅來納把自己視作“自由”的捍衛(wèi)者,以州權(quán)理論為依據(jù),聲討聯(lián)邦政府。政治家約翰·卡爾霍恩將18世紀(jì)美國建國時(shí)期的州權(quán)觀點(diǎn)與南卡羅來納的社會現(xiàn)實(shí)結(jié)合,炮制出“廢止權(quán)理論”。該理論認(rèn)為國家的權(quán)力源于各州,州擁有不可侵犯的主權(quán),國家的合法性基礎(chǔ)建立在各州的契約之上。依據(jù)這一理論,南卡羅來納決心廢止聯(lián)邦政府頒布的關(guān)稅政策,宣布該法令在本州內(nèi)無效。時(shí)任美國總統(tǒng)的安德魯·杰克遜堅(jiān)持“中立”和“妥協(xié)”的憲政觀點(diǎn),認(rèn)為主權(quán)可分,州和國家各持部分主權(quán),國家的合法性建立在人民的基礎(chǔ)上,州無權(quán)宣布退出聯(lián)邦。在這一憲政觀點(diǎn)的指導(dǎo)下,杰克遜以和平方式結(jié)束了危機(jī),時(shí)人就“應(yīng)該把美國建設(shè)成什么樣的國家”這一問題暫時(shí)達(dá)成共識,這影響了危機(jī)結(jié)束至美國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)時(shí)期人民的憲政觀點(diǎn)。總之,聯(lián)邦法令廢止權(quán)危機(jī)是一場南部極端州權(quán)主義者試圖用一種“過時(shí)”的州權(quán)觀點(diǎn)——廢止權(quán)理論,維護(hù)作為“少數(shù)者”的南部種植園主利益的運(yùn)動。這場運(yùn)動展現(xiàn)了三種關(guān)于如何構(gòu)建國家的觀點(diǎn),即國家主義類型、廢止權(quán)主義類型以及介于二者之間的“中立”派別之間的碰撞。“中立”的國家構(gòu)建模式符合19世紀(jì)30年代的美國社會經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況,因此得到了聯(lián)邦各州的廣泛接受。隨著奴隸制問題愈演愈烈,美國經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展難以維持這種平衡,終于爆發(fā)更大的沖突——美國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)。
[Abstract]:The Nullification Crisis of the federal decree refers to the crisis caused by the null and void federal decree announced by South Carolina in 1832. The direct cause of the crisis is the high tariff policy of the federal government, the null and void protest of South Carolina and the direct refusal of the execution of South Carolina. In its own opposition to President Jackson, the country was once in the danger of the threat of force and the danger of splitting. The crisis eventually ended with a compromise between the two sides. It had a major impact on the development of American constitutionalism and the Federation. This article tried to cut the crisis of the right of abolition in South Carolina as a point, and study the 19 world with the framework of national construction theory. During the 30s, the United States around the issue of "what kind of country to build America" was in the era of great changes in economic society in the.19 century. This dramatic change began to emerge from the beginning of nineteenth Century. In this period, the development of manufacturing in the north of the United States was emerging and injected new vitality into the economic development of the United States. At the time, the Southern plantation agriculture was in the stage of prosperity and development. There was an irreconcilable contradiction between the two different economic development models, manifested in the conflict between slavery and the federal economic policy. With the dramatic changes in economic development, people were in the "source of state power", "the power of the state was in the federal government and the state government." There were new controversies on how to distribute "and what foundation the legality of the union was based on." the nationalists in the federal Congress set up a powerful federal government to weaken the power of the States, and the state authoritarianism advocated restricting the "centralization" process of the federal government and defending the state power. Because of its own interests, dissatisfied with the federal government's tariff policy, the federal government's "protection" tariff policy is a manifestation of "oppression" and "tyranny" by sacrificing the interests of a certain region in exchange for the prosperity of another region. South Carolina regards itself as the defender of "freedom", based on the theory of state rights, The federal government. The statesman John Calhoun combined the state power viewpoint of the founding of the United States in eighteenth Century with the social reality of South Carolina, and produced the "theory of abolition right". The theory holds that the power of the state is derived from the States, the state has inviolable sovereignty, and the state's legal basis is based on the contracts of the States. In this theory, South Carolina is determined to abolish the federal government's tariff policy and declare the decree ineffective in the state. Then Andrew Jackson, the president of the United States, insists on the constitutional view of "neutrality" and "compromise", that sovereignty is divided, states and states hold partial sovereignty, and the legitimacy of the state is based on the people. Under the guidance of this constitutional view, Jackson ended the crisis in a peaceful way. The question of "what kind of country should the United States should be built" temporarily reached a consensus, which affected the constitutional view of the people in the civil war during the crisis. In a word, the crisis of the abolition of the federal decree was one. The southern extremist authoritarianism attempts to use a "outdated" state power viewpoint, the theory of abolition, to maintain the interest of the Southern plantation owners as "minority". This movement shows three views on how to build a country, namely the type of nationalism, the type of abolition, and the "neutrality" between the two. The collision between factions. The "neutral" state building model accorded with the social and economic situation of the United States in the 1830s, so it was widely accepted by the federal states. As the problem of slavery intensified, the development of the American economy was difficult to maintain this balance, and finally a greater conflict - the American Civil War.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：D871.2

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1 張帆;美國南卡羅來納聯(lián)邦法令廢止權(quán)危機(jī)研究[D];陜西師范大學(xué);2016年

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