本文選題：美國外交　切入點：以色列　出處：《南京大學》2014年碩士論文

【摘要】：自第二次世界大戰(zhàn)末期核武器出現(xiàn)以來,核武器對于人類生存和國家間政治產(chǎn)生了深刻的影響。鑒于美國政府長期宣稱防止核擴散是其對外政策的一個重要目標,它當時究竟如何看待和處理以色列這個中東主要盟友的核武計劃,一直是一個重要的未解之謎。根據(jù)近幾年解密的美國外交檔案和國外學者的相關研究,基本上可以確定以色列至遲在1958年前即已啟動其核計劃,大約在1968年左右已事實上具備核能力。本文主要探討的是在以色列謀求獲取核武器能力的十年左右時間里,從艾森豪威爾政府、到肯尼迪政府、再到約翰遜政府、最后到尼克松政府的四屆美國政府對以色列核計劃的反應和制定的政策。鑒于尼克松政府在以色列跨越核門檻時期所扮演的關鍵角色,本文將對尼克松政府上臺初期的內(nèi)部爭執(zhí),妥協(xié)和政策變化做較為深入的分析。本文的第一章主要闡述的是以色列謀求獲取核武器的背景。從一開始,核武器對于以色列民族來說就有著與其他大多數(shù)民族相比不同的意義。對于一個歷史上數(shù)次經(jīng)歷滅國,尤其是又遭受納粹大屠殺悲劇的民族來說,對于民族生存和國家獨立的渴求遠遠超過其他民族的想象。早在重建現(xiàn)代以色列國之前,為了使猶太民族從此避免二戰(zhàn)中悲劇的重演,以大衛(wèi)·本一古里安(David Ben-Gurian)為代表的以色列建國先賢就已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了獲取核武器的想法。第二章開始討論艾森豪威爾政府對以色列核計劃的政策�；窘Y(jié)構(gòu)是先論述艾森豪威爾政府對核擴散的整體態(tài)度,再具體到艾森豪威爾政府對以色列核項目的反應以及出現(xiàn)的失誤,最后再分析艾森豪威爾政府對以色列核計劃政策的原因。在最初的階段,美國政府的情報出現(xiàn)了問題,但是隨著事態(tài)的發(fā)展,尤其是中東局勢朝著越來越不利于美國的方向發(fā)展,美國政府開始承認并利用以色列的戰(zhàn)略價值,與之相對應的是對以色列核計劃的反應和政策也不再具有起初較為排斥的色彩。第三章主要探討的是肯尼迪政府對以色列核計劃的政策,分別從肯尼迪政府面臨的防擴散形勢及其整體的防擴散政策,肯尼迪政府對以色列核項目的政策以及美以在核問題上的交鋒,肯尼迪政府對以色列核政策形成的原因等三個方面進行討論。艾森豪威爾政府在以色列核計劃上的失誤及其近乎不作為的政策使得美國政府錯過了遏止以色列核項目的最佳時機,也給肯尼迪政府造成了困難�？夏岬险媾R的是更為復雜的防擴散形勢。為了扭轉(zhuǎn)這一態(tài)勢,肯尼迪顯示出強大決心并展開積極行動,但是由于國內(nèi)政治和國際局勢的原因,其最終并未能有效遏制住以色列的核計劃。第四章主要探討的是約翰遜政府對以色列核計劃的政策。分別從約翰遜政府面臨的核擴散形勢及其全球防擴散政策,約翰遜政府對以色列核項目的政策及美以博弈,約翰遜政府對以色列核政策的原因等三個方面進行分析討論�？夏岬嫌龃塘艚o繼任總統(tǒng)約翰遜一個更加復雜也更為嚴峻的核擴散形勢,尤其是在1964年10月中國核試驗成功之后,約翰遜政府不得不考慮中國擁有核武器可能引發(fā)的連鎖效應。約翰遜政府轉(zhuǎn)變了此前的消極防擴散政策,采取了相對積極的政策。但是具體到以色列這一案例上來說,這一轉(zhuǎn)變的影響并不明顯。在約翰遜執(zhí)政的五年多時間里,以色列獲取核武器的努力反而取得了重大進展。第五章主要探討的是尼克松政府對以色列核項目的政策。分別從尼克松面臨的新的全球局勢,防擴散形勢,尼克松政府在地緣政治方面的思考,尼克松政府內(nèi)部對以色列核問題的考慮和討論,尼克松政府對以色列核政策的成型及其原因等三個方面來分析。到尼克松上臺時,以色列事實上已經(jīng)擁有了核武器能力。從當時的國際形勢和尼克松、基辛格的外交哲學與執(zhí)政理念來說,尼克松政府面臨的問題并非美國是否需要動用強大武力廢除以色列的核能力,而是美國如何面對這一現(xiàn)實。最終,在強力廢止以色列的核能力和默許支持以色列擁有核能力的選項之間,出于種種復雜的國際國內(nèi)因素的考慮,尼克松政府選擇了后者。以色列核國家的地位事實上得到了美國政府的默認和支持。
[Abstract]:Since the end of the Second World War nuclear weapons, nuclear weapons for human survival and politics among countries have had a profound impact. In view of the United States government has long claimed that nuclear proliferation is an important goal of its foreign policy, it was exactly how to deal with Israel in the middle east main ally's nuclear programme has been one of the most important unsolved mysteries. According to the related research in recent years declassified American diplomatic documents and foreign scholars, basically can determine Israel at the latest in 1958 before the start of its nuclear program, around 1968 has in fact have nuclear capability. This article is mainly on in Israel seek to acquire nuclear weapons capability ten years, from the Eisenhower administration to the Kennedy administration to the Johnson administration, and finally to the Nixon administration's four session of the United States government of Israel's nuclear programme The reaction and the formulation of the policy. In view of the Nixon government in the key role played by Israel across the nuclear threshold period, the Nixon administration took office early internal disputes and compromise policy changes do more in-depth analysis. The first chapter mainly elaborates the Israel seek to acquire nuclear weapons in the background. From the beginning, nuclear weapons for Israel nation has compared with most other national different meanings. For a history of several experiences out of the country, especially to suffer the Nazi Holocaust tragedy of the nation, the desire for national survival and national independence far more than other national imagination. Long before the reconstruction of modern State of Israel, in order to make the Jewish people from to avoid a repeat of the tragedy of World War II, by David Benskuria (David Ben-Gurian) as the representative of Israel's founding fathers had been produced by the Take the idea of nuclear weapons. The second chapter begins with a discussion of the Eisenhower administration's policy on Israel's nuclear program. The basic structure is first discussed the Eisenhower administration of nuclear proliferation overall attitude, more specific to the Eisenhower government response to Israeli nuclear program and the failure of the Eisenhower administration, and finally analysis of reasons for the Israeli nuclear program in the first policy. The stage, the U.S. government intelligence problems, but with the development of the situation, especially in the middle east toward the more is not conducive to the direction of the United States and the U.S. government began to recognize and use the strategic value of Israel, corresponding to Israel's nuclear program and policy reaction is no longer the first is rejection color. The third chapter mainly discusses the Kennedy administration policy on Israel's nuclear program, separately from the Kennedy government is facing anti The diffusion of nonproliferation policies and the whole situation, the Kennedy administration policy on the Israeli nuclear program and to the nuclear issue on the confrontation, to discuss the three aspects of the Kennedy administration on the formation of Israel's nuclear policy and other reasons. Eisenhower government failure in Israel's nuclear programme and policy as the government almost missed the best time to curb the Israeli nuclear project, also caused difficulties for the Kennedy administration. The Kennedy administration is facing a more complex situation of non-proliferation. In order to reverse this situation, Kennedy showed a strong determination and positive action, but because of domestic political and international situation, the final and failed to effectively curb the Israeli nuclear plan. The fourth chapter mainly discusses the Johnson administration policy on Israel's nuclear program. From the nucleation diffusion facing the Johnson administration The potential and the global nonproliferation policy, the Johnson administration policy on the Israeli nuclear program and the United States to the game, the three aspects of the Johnson administration on Israel's nuclear policy and other reasons were analyzed and discussed. The Kennedy assassination to the president Johnson a more complex and more nuclear proliferation situation is grim, especially after October 1964 China successful nuclear test Johnson, the government had to consider the chain effect of Chinese nuclear weapons may be triggered. The Johnson administration changed the negative non-proliferation policy had taken a relatively positive policy, but specific to the case of Israel for the impact of this change is not obvious. In Johnson's five years, Israel's nuclear weapons efforts but has made significant progress. The fifth chapter mainly discusses the Nixon administration policy on Israel's nuclear program. From Nigeria Nixon facing new global situation, non-proliferation situation, thinking in terms of geopolitics of the Nixon administration, to consider and discuss on Israel's nuclear problem within the Nixon administration, the three aspects of the Nixon administration on Israel's nuclear policy forming and their causes analysis. Nixon took office, the fact that Israel has nuclear weapons from the international situation at that time. And Nixon, Kissinger's diplomatic philosophy and political philosophy, Nixon's problem is not whether the United States needs to use a powerful force to abolish Israel's nuclear capability, but the United States how to face this reality. Finally, in between the strong abolished Israel's nuclear capability and the acquiescence of support for Israel's nuclear capability option for international and domestic, many complex factors into consideration, the Nixon Administration chose the latter. Israel's nuclear status of the country in fact have To the default and support of the US government.

【學位授予單位】：南京大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：D871.2;D815.2

【參考文獻】

相關期刊論文 前2條

1 孫德剛;淺析約翰遜政府時期美以特殊關系的基礎[J];世界民族;2003年06期

2 儲永正;;美國對以色列軍援政策的變化及其成因[J];西亞非洲;2011年09期

，

本文編號：1681357