本文選題：禁運(yùn)　切入點(diǎn)：中立權(quán)利　出處：《陜西師范大學(xué)》2016年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：19世紀(jì)初,英法之間的爭(zhēng)霸戰(zhàn)火重燃。英法的封鎖與反封鎖政策、英國(guó)的強(qiáng)征嚴(yán)重危害了美國(guó)的中立貿(mào)易、人民的人身安全和國(guó)家尊嚴(yán),尤以英國(guó)行為對(duì)美國(guó)的危害極其嚴(yán)重。當(dāng)時(shí),以杰斐遜為首的美國(guó)民主共和黨,長(zhǎng)期持有利用其自身的貿(mào)易實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)強(qiáng)制的思想。英國(guó)侮辱美國(guó)船只的“切薩皮克”號(hào)事件發(fā)生后,美國(guó)在與英國(guó)的談判中暫時(shí)失利。為維護(hù)美國(guó)尊嚴(yán)、人民的人身和財(cái)產(chǎn)安全,杰斐遜政府請(qǐng)求國(guó)會(huì)制定了禁運(yùn)法令。禁運(yùn)法令不但禁止了美國(guó)所有的出口貿(mào)易,還阻止了一部分國(guó)內(nèi)貿(mào)易,并賦予美國(guó)聯(lián)邦政府前所未有的執(zhí)行權(quán)力。在禁運(yùn)法令生效期間,執(zhí)法人員遭到商人的抵制,甚至是武力的反抗,受到聯(lián)邦黨人的指責(zé)。隨著禁運(yùn)法令的施行,其對(duì)美國(guó)的農(nóng)業(yè)和商業(yè)的破壞性影響日漸顯現(xiàn),給人民的生活造成很大困難,也沒有達(dá)到使英法就范的目的,因而遭遇越來越多的人反對(duì)。聯(lián)邦政府被指責(zé)為專制政府,杰斐遜被批評(píng)為法國(guó)的“傀儡”,禁運(yùn)法令被批評(píng)不符合憲法,一些聯(lián)邦黨人企圖使商業(yè)州脫離聯(lián)邦,成立新英格蘭聯(lián)盟。在這種形勢(shì)下,杰斐遜等一些共和黨人不得不放棄了禁運(yùn),聯(lián)邦國(guó)會(huì)最終以《不交往法案》代替了禁運(yùn)政策。作為一種經(jīng)濟(jì)強(qiáng)制手段,禁運(yùn)政策未能實(shí)現(xiàn)杰斐遜政府的外交目標(biāo),但其對(duì)美國(guó)產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。在經(jīng)濟(jì)上,它刺激了美國(guó)的制造業(yè),促使出現(xiàn)工業(yè)化的萌芽,為美國(guó)未來的工業(yè)革命奠定了一定基礎(chǔ)。在政治上,禁運(yùn)政策顯示了新生的美國(guó)維護(hù)自身權(quán)利的決心,維護(hù)了美國(guó)的尊嚴(yán)。此外,時(shí)人還對(duì)禁運(yùn)的合憲性進(jìn)行了辯論,彰顯了各政治黨派對(duì)聯(lián)邦國(guó)會(huì)貿(mào)易管理權(quán)的見地,加深了時(shí)人對(duì)美國(guó)聯(lián)邦制的認(rèn)識(shí)。而且,禁運(yùn)經(jīng)歷為在未來美國(guó)維護(hù)其海上中立權(quán)利的政策指明了方向,可以說是1812年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的起源。同時(shí),禁運(yùn)嚴(yán)重影響了美國(guó)的商業(yè)和農(nóng)業(yè)。總體上來說,禁運(yùn)的弊大于利。
[Abstract]:In early 19th century, the war of hegemony between Britain and France was reignited. The blockade and anti-blockade policies of Britain and France seriously endangered the neutral trade of the United States, the personal safety of the people and the dignity of the nation. The damage to the United States, especially in the United Kingdom, was extremely serious. At that time, the Democratic Republican Party of the United States, led by Jefferson, It has long held the idea of using its own trade to achieve economic compulsion. After the "Chesapeake" incident in which Britain insulted American ships, the United States temporarily failed in negotiations with Britain. In order to preserve the dignity of the United States, For the people's personal and property security, the Jefferson government asked Congress to enact an embargo, which not only prohibited all American exports, but also blocked some domestic trade. And gave the United States federal government unprecedented executive power. During the entry into force of the embargo decree, law enforcement officials were boycotted by businessmen, even by force of arms, and accused by the federal party. With the enforcement of the embargo decree, Its devastating effects on agriculture and commerce in the United States are becoming increasingly apparent, causing great hardship to the people and failing to bring Britain and France into compliance, which has met with increasing opposition. The federal government has been accused of being an autocratic government. Jefferson was criticized as a "puppet" of France, the embargo was criticized as unconstitutional, and some federalists tried to get the commercial states out of the Union and form the New England Union. Some Republicans, such as Jefferson, had to give up the embargo, and the federal Congress eventually replaced the embargo with the no-association act. As an economic compulsion, the embargo failed to achieve the Jefferson administration's diplomatic goals. But it had a profound impact on the United States. Economically, it stimulated American manufacturing, spurred the emergence of industrialization, and laid the foundation for a future industrial revolution in the United States. The embargo policy shows the determination of the nascent United States to defend its rights and its dignity. In addition, there was a debate on the constitutionality of the embargo, highlighting the views of political parties on the trade management power of the Federal Congress. Increased understanding of the federal system of the United States of America. Moreover, the experience of the embargo set the course for the future policy of the United States to defend its right to maritime neutrality, which could be said to be the origin of the war of 1812. At the same time, The embargo severely affects American business and agriculture. On the whole, the embargo does more harm than good.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：D871.2

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