本文關(guān)鍵詞： 德國 難民危機 難民政策 影響　出處：《華東師范大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：隨著全球化的進展加快,難民問題已經(jīng)成為了一大挑戰(zhàn)。由于地理位置相距西亞北非等動蕩地區(qū)較近,歐洲已經(jīng)成為了全世界難民問題最為嚴(yán)峻的地區(qū)之一。在本次難民危機中,以"敘利亞小難民土耳其伯頓沙灘遇難事件"和"巴黎恐怖襲擊事件"為分界點,可以分為初始階段、大量涌入階段和逐漸減少階段。本次難民危機與德國歷史上經(jīng)歷的兩次難民潮相比,具有以下特點:一是難民自身具有特殊性,多為年輕男性,且以穆斯林難民為主;二是難民數(shù)量巨大,本次難民危機中德國是接收難民數(shù)量最多的歐洲國家;三是難民來源國集中,難民多來自西亞北非地區(qū),敘利亞內(nèi)戰(zhàn)難民數(shù)量最多;四是難民進入歐洲國家的路徑具有集中性,難民多是從地中海東線、地中海西線和巴爾干東線進入歐洲再前往德國。隨著難民危機形勢的變化,默克爾政府的難民政策也隨之變化,可以相應(yīng)地分為猶豫觀望階段、開放歡迎階段和重新收緊階段。在猶豫觀望階段,默克爾政府還沒有出臺明確的難民政策;在開放歡迎階段,默克爾"我們做得到!"的口號和接收難民數(shù)量不設(shè)上限的難民政策吸引了大量難民前來德國避難;在重新收緊階段,德國嚴(yán)格避難申請程序,加快沒有獲得避難權(quán)難民的遣返工作。默克爾難民政策主要存在四個方面的失誤:一是低估了本次難民危機的復(fù)雜性和嚴(yán)峻性;二是高估了其他歐洲國家的合作程度;三是忽視了德國民眾的利益和心理變化;四是忽視了德國的移民傳統(tǒng)。難民危機對于德國的積極影響主要是難民安置拉動德國內(nèi)需,刺激經(jīng)濟發(fā)展,緩解老齡化和勞動力短缺的問題。消極影響主要體現(xiàn)在以下三個方面:一是在國內(nèi)方面,不利于德國經(jīng)濟的可持續(xù)發(fā)展,對德國安全局勢構(gòu)成威脅和對德國宗教文化造成沖擊;二是在政治方面,默克爾政府的支持率下降,極右翼政黨德國選擇黨正在崛起;三是在德國與歐盟的關(guān)系方面,德國在歐盟中的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位受到一定沖擊。解決難民問題可以從以下三個方面進行:一是穩(wěn)定敘利亞局勢;二是與其他國家合作接收難民;三是嚴(yán)格避難申請流程,加快難民融入進程。
[Abstract]:With the acceleration of globalization, the refugee problem has become a major challenge because of its geographical proximity to volatile regions such as West Asia and North Africa. Europe has become one of the world's most serious refugee problems. In the refugee crisis, the "Syrian refugee Burton Beach disaster in Turkey" and the "Paris terrorist attacks" as the boundary point. The refugee crisis has the following characteristics compared with the two refugee flows experienced in the history of Germany: the first is the particularity of the refugees themselves. Young men, mostly Muslim refugees; Second, the number of refugees is huge, in this refugee crisis, Germany is the European country receiving the largest number of refugees; Third, the origin country of refugees is concentrated, most of the refugees come from West Asia and North Africa, and the number of refugees in the Syrian civil war is the most; Fourth, the route of refugees entering European countries is centralized. Most of the refugees enter Europe from the eastern Mediterranean line, the western Mediterranean line and the eastern Balkan line to Germany. With the change of refugee crisis situation. The refugee policy of Merkel government has changed with it, which can be divided into three stages: the stage of hesitancy, the stage of open welcome and the stage of re-tightening. In the stage of hesitancy, the government of Merkel has not issued a clear policy on refugees; In the open welcome phase, Merkel "we can do it!" The slogan "and the unlimited number of refugees admitted to Germany" has attracted a large number of refugees to take refuge in Germany; During the re-tightening phase, Germany's strict asylum application process. Speed up the repatriation of refugees without asylum rights. Merkel's refugee policy mainly has four mistakes: first, underestimated the complexity and severity of the refugee crisis; Second, the degree of cooperation of other European countries has been overestimated; Third, ignoring the interests and psychological changes of the German people; The positive impact of the refugee crisis on Germany is that the resettlement of refugees will stimulate domestic demand and stimulate economic development in Germany. The negative effects are mainly reflected in the following three aspects: first, in the domestic aspect, it is not conducive to the sustainable development of the German economy. Threats to the security situation in Germany and an impact on German religious culture; Second, in the political aspect, the support rate of Merkel government falls, and the far-right party, the German Choice Party, is rising; Third, in the relations between Germany and the European Union, Germany's leading position in the EU has been challenged to a certain extent. The solution to the refugee problem can be carried out from the following three aspects: first, to stabilize the situation in Syria; Second, cooperation with other countries to receive refugees; Third, strict asylum application procedures to speed up the refugee integration process.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D751.6;D815.6

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本文編號：1476027