【摘要】：多樣性是人類社會發(fā)展的基本特征之一,多樣個性的和諧共處和發(fā)展意味著個體的生存和生活狀態(tài)與社會環(huán)境需要實現(xiàn)良好對接。多樣性和諧共存的重要障礙之一即為社會排斥。而社會融入是與社會排斥相對應(yīng)的社會學(xué)概念,從概念源起來看,是指政府在教育、健康、社會保障、就業(yè)、信息與溝通、安全等方面采取一系列的措施防止社會排斥;從融入主體來看,則反映了被排斥在社會主流之外的群體(如移民、失業(yè)者、老人、殘障者等)通過經(jīng)濟、行為、心理等層面融入社會。隨著生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展,人們對個體生活質(zhì)量愈加關(guān)注,通過參與休閑活動,休閑主體能夠調(diào)整身心,與他人互動增進社會化,實現(xiàn)個體發(fā)展、促進人際關(guān)系和融入社會。全球化帶來的大眾教育、大眾傳統(tǒng)和大眾旅游改變了人們的休閑行為和公民權(quán)之間的關(guān)系,休閑對于個體和群體生活的深刻意義和社會價值逐步凸顯,休閑學(xué)者的視野也拓展到了特定群體的休閑參與如何促進個體的社會融入等話題。西方發(fā)達國家始于20世紀(jì)四五十年代的針對殘障群體的休閑服務(wù),經(jīng)過半個多世紀(jì)的發(fā)展,經(jīng)歷了從“隔離”到“融入”的理念轉(zhuǎn)變與服務(wù)實踐,從環(huán)境設(shè)施、服務(wù)內(nèi)容、法律規(guī)范等方面都充分重視和保障殘障者的休閑權(quán)利,“全納休閑”概念的提出及服務(wù)體系逐步完善,反映出西方社會在為特殊群體提供休閑服務(wù)過程中逐步從特殊對待走向公平對待與促進融入的理念。就現(xiàn)狀而言,殘障者這一特殊群體容易遭受歧視和偏見,難以享受到普通人所享有基本社會服務(wù),無論從世界范圍還是我國范圍看,殘障者的社會融入都還處在較低水平,而這一問題受到更多更具體的關(guān)注,是政府與社會致力于實現(xiàn)社會公平,實現(xiàn)人的平等和全面發(fā)展的必然路徑。而從殘障者休閑現(xiàn)狀來看,我國政府對殘障者的關(guān)注大多聚焦于基本生活保障、康復(fù)、就業(yè)、教育等方面,而殘障者正常參與社區(qū)生活和休閑活動、與非殘障者共同享有休閑資源,通過休閑途徑融入社會在主流話語空間影響甚微。就理論來看,現(xiàn)有研究中休閑活動的參與只是衡量社會融入的龐大指標(biāo)體系中的細分指標(biāo)之一,多數(shù)融入研究指向政策、制度與環(huán)境建設(shè),而較少研究關(guān)注通過休閑參與來改善個體的社會生活參與和融入狀態(tài);而休閑參與相關(guān)理論及實證研究則較多指向休閑效益、休閑滿意度、生活質(zhì)量、主觀幸福感等結(jié)果變量,但休閑參與除了能帶來身心效益、社交效益、生活質(zhì)量與幸福感提升等價值外,對于個體的社會融入價值如何,休閑參與的不同維度是否對社會融入存在影響及差異,不同活動類型的休閑參與是否對社會融入存在不同的影響,盡管西方休閑學(xué)界已進行了融入視角下的全納休閑研究,但綜合社會融入理論和休閑參與理論,并以殘障者為研究對象來考察參與與融入關(guān)系的研究尚未可見�；谏鲜霈F(xiàn)實及理論背景,本研究從社會融入視角下的休閑參與理論與現(xiàn)狀出發(fā),基于殘障者這一特定研究對象,通過問卷調(diào)查和定量研究的方式了解了以中國城鎮(zhèn)生活背景為主的殘障者休閑參與狀況,揭示了休閑參與對社會融入的總體影響關(guān)系及不同活動類型和不同維度的休閑參與對社會融入的影響差異,驗證了休閑參與與社會融入關(guān)系的理論模型,并進一步分析了休閑參與的社會融入價值及其影響特征,在此基礎(chǔ)上為國內(nèi)如何構(gòu)建“全納式”休閑服務(wù)體系提出了建議。具體而言,本研究共包括五個部分。第一部分主要闡述了論文的研究背景、研究目的與意義、研究內(nèi)容、研究方法和技術(shù)路線以及研究創(chuàng)新點,對本研究進行了總體概述。第二部分主要對社會融入、休閑參與、休閑效益和休閑涉入相關(guān)理論進行了回顧和評述,進而找出本研究的切入點和理論視角。第三部分建立了本研究的理論框架與研究假設(shè)。論文首先界定了休閑活動類型,并結(jié)合《殘障者休閑生活狀況調(diào)查問卷》的調(diào)研結(jié)果反映了殘障者參與不同類型休閑活動的基本狀況,進而界定了休閑參與、社會融入和心理距離的內(nèi)涵,并進行了變量關(guān)系的邏輯推演,基于理論分析提出本休閑參與與社會融入關(guān)系的概念模型和假設(shè)。第四部分基于概念模型進行了研究設(shè)計和假設(shè)檢驗,論文首先闡述了休閑參與量表與社會融入量表設(shè)計與前測,信度與效度檢驗和數(shù)據(jù)分析方法,并通過《殘障者休閑參與與社會融入狀況調(diào)查問卷》的調(diào)研結(jié)果收集了殘障者在居家消遣類、文化社交類和戶外運動與游憩類3類活動中的休閑參與和社會融入狀況,基于調(diào)研數(shù)據(jù),運用結(jié)構(gòu)方程模型方法對理論模型進行了檢驗。研究結(jié)果表明,首先,殘障者休閑參與程度能夠通過心理距離的中介效應(yīng)促進其社會融入程度,而心理距離對經(jīng)濟融入的影響程度高于對行為適應(yīng)的影響。其次,不同維度的休閑參與對殘障者社會融入影響程度不同,行為參與的影響程度低于情感涉入。再次,殘障者在不同類型的活動參與中,其社會融入受到的影響存在差異,行為參與方面,居家消遣類活動參與對社會融入的影響程度最高,文化社交類影響程度居其次,戶外運動與游憩類影響程度最低;情感涉入方面,影響程度恰好相反。第五部分對研究內(nèi)容進行了總結(jié),根據(jù)研究假設(shè)與數(shù)據(jù)分析結(jié)果總結(jié)并解釋了研究結(jié)論,基于此對建立全納式休閑服務(wù)體系提出思考和建議,最后分析了本研究存在的局限,并對未來的研究方向提出了展望。本文的創(chuàng)新點主要體現(xiàn)在以下四個方面:第一,本研究嘗試基于全納休閑思想,探討殘障者休閑參與與社會融入的關(guān)系,并比較不同維度的休閑參與對社會融入的影響差異,研究成果能夠彌補殘障者休閑與社會融入相關(guān)研究的不足,為后續(xù)研究提供較為新穎的分析思路。本研究以休閑學(xué)視角對殘障者休閑參與的內(nèi)涵和衡量維度進行研究,以社會學(xué)視角對殘障者的社會融入的內(nèi)涵和維度進行研究,并構(gòu)建了兩者的關(guān)系模型,通過理論與實證分析揭示個體休閑行為的社會融入價值和休閑參與作為社會融入達成路徑的重要意義。第二,本研究沒有沿用以往休閑參與研究中僅以不同類型活動的參與頻次和時間來衡量休閑主體的參與程度,而是結(jié)合殘障者的特征,嘗試將休閑參與理論和休閑涉入理論相結(jié)合,從行為參與和情感涉入兩方面考察休閑參與程度。在多數(shù)非殘障者的正常休閑活動中,殘障者限于種種制約無法在行動上真實參與,但并不妨礙其從態(tài)度和情感上予以關(guān)注,因此本研究將吸引性、中心性和自我表現(xiàn)等涉入的維度歸納為情感涉入,揭示行為參與和情感參與對社會融入影響的差異性,有助于深度了解殘障者休閑參與的特征,為社會融入語境下構(gòu)建全納休閑服務(wù)體系提供參照。第三,本研究在國內(nèi)外其他群體的社會融入研究基礎(chǔ)上提出社會融入的兩個維度即經(jīng)濟融入和行為適應(yīng),并探討了休閑參與通過縮短心理距離促進殘障人的社會融入,進一步揭示休閑參與對社會融入的影響機理。國內(nèi)外社會融入的實證研究以移民、流動人口、城市新移民等為主要對象,相應(yīng)的融入研究基本認同經(jīng)濟、行為、文化、心理等維度的線性遞進關(guān)系,并將心理融入作為融入的最高目標(biāo),本研究嘗試通過休閑參與的前置影響,揭示融入主體可能通過心理距離的改善進而促進其在行為和經(jīng)濟層面的融入,豐富社會融入理論,并為殘障者社會融入實踐提供理論指導(dǎo)。第四,本研究嘗試從活動性質(zhì)和空間角度對休閑活動類型進行劃分,并分析活動類型在休閑參與與社會融入關(guān)系中的調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng),為全納休閑服務(wù)體系建設(shè)提供參考。本研究根據(jù)殘障者的特征和固有局限,采用主觀分類法,將休閑活動類型分為居家消遣類、文化社交類和戶外運動與游憩類,性質(zhì)上反映了偏靜態(tài)的家庭式消遣、動靜結(jié)合的社交活動和動態(tài)性較強的運動與游憩活動,空間上則反映了以家庭空間、城市社區(qū)空間和戶外開放式空間,在休閑參與與社會融入關(guān)系模型中分類揭示殘障者在不同性質(zhì)和活動空間的休閑參與對社會融入的影響,為全納休閑服務(wù)環(huán)境建設(shè)與項目設(shè)計提供參考。限于資源和能力水平,本研究還存在諸多局限。首先,在研究內(nèi)容上:一是對休閑參與的衡量采用主觀分析法劃分活動類型,可能忽略某些殘障群體的典型休閑活動;二是在社會融入的衡量上對主觀層面維度的分析和測量還不夠深入;三是未能研究主體變量內(nèi)部各個維度之間的關(guān)系,因而不能更全面地反映其影響機制。其次,在研究方法上,本研究采用結(jié)構(gòu)方程模型方法進行定量研究,在量表設(shè)計上某些變量維度所涵蓋的測量變量不夠完善和精準(zhǔn),可能會造成受訪者出現(xiàn)選擇性困惑,影響對數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果。后期研究中可嘗試運用深度訪談方法獲取到更多有質(zhì)量的信息。最后在實證研究樣本選擇上,無法采用常規(guī)渠道零散、均勻地篩選樣本,這就造成人口學(xué)的特征分布不夠均勻和規(guī)范;并且除部分程度較輕的肢體殘障者之外,幾乎所有調(diào)研對象都需要志愿者輔助完成問卷,一定程度也會導(dǎo)致理解偏差并影響最終研究結(jié)果的質(zhì)量。
[Abstract]:Diversity is one of the basic characteristics of the development of human society. Harmonious coexistence and development of diversified personalities means that individual survival and living conditions and social environment need to be well docked. One of the important obstacles to the harmonious coexistence of diversity is social exclusion. Social integration is a sociological concept corresponding to social exclusion. Originally, it refers to the government taking a series of measures to prevent social exclusion in education, health, social security, employment, information and communication, security and other aspects; from the perspective of integration subjects, it reflects that groups excluded from the mainstream of society (such as immigrants, unemployed, the elderly, the disabled, etc.) integrate into society through economic, behavioral, psychological and other levels. With the development of productive forces, people pay more and more attention to the quality of individual life. By participating in leisure activities, leisure subjects can adjust their body and mind, interact with others, promote socialization, realize individual development, promote interpersonal relations and integrate into society. The relationship between rights, the profound significance and social value of leisure for individual and group life have gradually become prominent, and leisure scholars have also expanded their horizons to such topics as how leisure participation of specific groups can promote individual social integration. Over the centuries of development, the concept of "isolation" to "integration" has undergone a transformation and service practice. The concept of "inclusive leisure" has been put forward and the service system has been gradually improved, which reflects that western society provides rest for special groups. As far as the status quo is concerned, the disabled, a special group, are vulnerable to discrimination and Prejudice and are unable to enjoy the basic social services enjoyed by ordinary people. The social integration of the disabled is still at a low level both worldwide and in China. The government and society are committed to achieving social equity, equality and comprehensive development of the inevitable path. However, from the perspective of the status quo of the disabled leisure, the government's concern for the disabled mostly focuses on basic living security, rehabilitation, employment, education and other aspects, while the disabled participate in society normally. In theory, the participation of leisure activities in the existing research is only one of the sub-indicators in the huge index system to measure social integration, most of which are integrated into the policy, system and environment. Construction, while less research focuses on improving individual social life participation and integration through leisure participation; and leisure participation theory and empirical research more directed to leisure benefits, leisure satisfaction, quality of life, subjective well-being and other outcome variables, but leisure participation can bring physical and mental benefits, social benefits, quality of life and so on. In addition to the value of happiness promotion, there are differences in the value of individual social integration, whether the different dimensions of leisure participation have influence on social integration, and whether the different types of leisure participation have different influence on social integration. Although the Western leisure academia has conducted an inclusive leisure research from the perspective of integration, the comprehensive society Based on the above-mentioned realistic and theoretical background, this study proceeds from the theory and current situation of leisure participation from the perspective of social integration, based on the specific research object of disabled people, through questionnaire survey and quantitative research. This paper explores the leisure participation of the disabled with the background of urban life in China, reveals the overall impact of leisure participation on social integration and the differences between different types of activities and different dimensions of leisure participation on social integration, verifies the theoretical model of the relationship between leisure participation and social integration, and further analyzes the relationship between leisure participation and social integration. On the basis of the value of social integration of leisure participation and its influence characteristics, this paper puts forward some suggestions on how to construct an inclusive leisure service system in China. Specifically, this study consists of five parts. The second part mainly reviews and comments the related theories of social integration, leisure participation, leisure benefits and leisure involvement, and then finds out the breakthrough point and theoretical perspective of this study. The third part establishes the theoretical framework and research hypothesis of this study. The types of activities and the results of the questionnaire reflect the basic situation of the disabled participating in different types of leisure activities, and then define the connotation of leisure participation, social integration and psychological distance, and deduce the logical relationship between variables. Based on the theoretical analysis, this paper puts forward the leisure participation and social integration. The fourth part is the research design and hypothesis test based on the conceptual model. Firstly, the paper elaborates the design and pre-test of the Leisure Participation Scale and Social Integration Scale, the reliability and validity test and the data analysis method, and through the survey of the Questionnaire on Leisure Participation and Social Integration of the Disabled. Based on the survey data, the structural equation model is used to test the theoretical model. The results show that, firstly, the degree of leisure participation of the disabled can be mediated by psychological distance. Secondly, different dimensions of leisure participation have different effects on social integration of the disabled, and the influence of behavior participation is lower than that of emotional involvement. Thirdly, the social integration of the disabled in different types of activities is higher. In the aspect of behavior participation, the influence of home recreational activities on social integration is the highest, the influence of cultural and social activities is the second, the influence of outdoor sports and recreational activities is the lowest; the influence of emotional involvement is just the opposite. The results of data analysis summarize and explain the conclusions of the study. Based on this, the author puts forward some thoughts and suggestions on the establishment of inclusive leisure service system. This paper explores the relationship between leisure participation and social integration of the disabled, and compares the impact of different dimensions of leisure participation on social integration. The research results can make up for the deficiencies of relevant research on leisure and social integration of the disabled, and provide a relatively new analytical thinking for the follow-up study. This paper studies the connotation and measurement dimension of social integration of the disabled from the sociological perspective, and constructs the relationship model between them. Through theoretical and empirical analysis, it reveals the social integration value of individual leisure behavior and the importance of leisure participation as a path to social integration. Second, this study does not have any significance. In the past, leisure participation was only measured by the frequency and time of participation in different types of activities, but combined with the characteristics of the disabled, the theory of leisure participation and the theory of leisure involvement were tried to be combined, and the degree of leisure participation was examined from the aspects of behavior participation and emotional involvement. Often in leisure activities, the disabled can not really participate in action due to various constraints, but it does not prevent them from attitudinally and emotionally paying attention to it. Therefore, this study summarizes the dimensions of attractiveness, centrality and self-expression as emotional involvement, reveals the differences between behavioral involvement and emotional involvement in social integration, which is conducive to social integration. Thirdly, based on the study of social integration of other groups at home and abroad, this study puts forward two dimensions of social integration, namely economic integration and behavioral adaptation, and discusses the promotion of leisure participation through shortening psychological distance. The social integration of the disabled further reveals the impact mechanism of leisure participation on social integration. Empirical studies of social integration at home and abroad focus on immigrants, migrants, new urban migrants and so on. The corresponding integration studies basically identify with the linear progressive relationship of economic, behavioral, cultural and psychological dimensions, and take psychological integration as integration. The ultimate goal of this study is to reveal that the integration subject may promote its integration in behavior and economy through the improvement of psychological distance, enrich the theory of social integration, and provide theoretical guidance for the social integration practice of the disabled. Fourthly, this study attempts to explore the nature and space of activities. According to the characteristics and inherent limitations of the disabled, this study classifies the types of leisure activities into home recreation, cultural and social activities and outdoor sports by subjective classification. With the recreational category, it reflects the static family-style recreation in nature, the social activities combined with the static and the dynamic sports and recreational activities, and the space reflects the different nature and activities of the disabled in the relationship model of leisure participation and social integration by family space, urban community space and outdoor open space. The impact of leisure participation in space on social integration provides a reference for the construction of inclusive leisure service environment and project design. Limited to the level of resources and capabilities, there are still many limitations in this study. First, the content of the study is as follows: 1. Subjective analysis is used to classify the types of activities in the measurement of leisure participation, which may overlook the codes of some disabled groups. The second is that the analysis and measurement of the subjective dimension is not deep enough in the measurement of social integration; the third is that the relationship among the various dimensions of the main variable can not be more fully reflected. In the later research, we can try to get more quality information by depth interview. Finally, we can't use the conventional channel to select the sample for empirical research. In addition, almost all subjects need volunteers to complete the questionnaires, which may lead to misunderstanding and affect the quality of the final results.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南財經(jīng)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：C913.69

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