非政府組織在服務(wù)型政府建設(shè)中的作用研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-08-21 14:33
【摘要】：在二十世紀八九十年代,隨著人類社會逐漸從工業(yè)社會向后工業(yè)社會邁進,社會的復雜性和不確定性增加,這導致傳統(tǒng)以效率價值為中心價值和具有控制導向的管理型政府模式發(fā)生了危機。為克服管理型社會治理模式的危機,各國紛紛進行行政改革來提高政府的社會治理能力和治理效率。在改革中,各國紛紛縮小政府規(guī)模,對政府官僚制進行改革,由此,一種不同于政府卻又確實具有某種政府實體地位的組織產(chǎn)生了,這就是以代理機構(gòu)和其他實體為代表的非政府組織。非政府組織不同于歷史上存在的自愿組織,它具有自身的特點。與其他組織不同的是,非政府組織所追求的不是社會治理的輔助角色,而是要求與國家合作乃至獨立承擔某些社會治理的職能。所以,非政府組織的出現(xiàn)預(yù)示著管理型社會治理模式的解體和服務(wù)型社會治理模式的來臨。首先,非政府組織能夠促進公共性的擴散。在管理型社會治理模式中,政府壟斷著公共服務(wù)和公共物品的供給責任。在工業(yè)社會低度復雜性和低度不確定性的情況下,政府還能勝任提供公共服務(wù)的職責。但隨著人類社會從工業(yè)社會向后工業(yè)社會的轉(zhuǎn)型,高度復雜和高度不確定的社會現(xiàn)實導致管理型政府面臨失靈的風險。管理型政府的失靈意味著迫切需要引入非政府組織等新的社會治理主體。原來只有政府是實現(xiàn)公共性的唯一主體,但由于非政府組織承擔了社會治理的部分職能,非政府組織也與政府一樣成為社會治理的重要主體。由此,非政府組織促進了公共性的擴散。在另一方面,非政府組織實際上也促進了實質(zhì)公共性的實現(xiàn)。管理型政府之所以無法應(yīng)對高度復雜的社會現(xiàn)實,主要原因在于管理型政府所具有的公共性只是形式公共性,這種形式公共性在本質(zhì)上并不能體現(xiàn)社會的公共利益,也無法滿足高度不確定社會的需求。非政府組織參與公共服務(wù)提供和進行社會治理,一方面使公共性從政府擴散到了社會,打破了政府對公共性的壟斷,在另一方面,非政府組織成為社會治理主體也促進了公共性的實現(xiàn),使公共性從形式公共性轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閷嵸|(zhì)公共性。因此,從這一意義上看,由于非政府組織的出現(xiàn),政府從管理型政府的形式公共性轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榉⻊?wù)型政府的實質(zhì)公共性,所以,非政府組織的產(chǎn)生,實際上促進了服務(wù)型政府的產(chǎn)生。其次,非政府組織在促進公共性擴散的同時,也促進了領(lǐng)域融合。在管理行政的制度設(shè)計中,官僚制是作為一種中介聯(lián)接著國家與社會,但是,官僚制自身的問題與缺陷導致政府官僚制并不能起到有效表達社會需求的作用。官僚制并沒有能夠?qū)遗c社會聯(lián)接起來,反而與國家一道對社會進行壟斷統(tǒng)治,由此才導致了管理行政的危機。非政府組織能夠成為領(lǐng)域融合的組織基礎(chǔ)。非政府組織之所以能夠成為領(lǐng)域融合的組織基礎(chǔ),在于非政府組織的獨特特征。非政府組織既具有公共領(lǐng)域的特征,也具有私人領(lǐng)域的特征,同時也具有日常生活領(lǐng)域的特征。正因為非政府組織在特性上與公共領(lǐng)域和私人領(lǐng)域的相似性,由此導致非政府組織能夠成為領(lǐng)域融合的組織基礎(chǔ)。同時,非政府組織能夠進一步的促進公共領(lǐng)域、私人領(lǐng)域和日常生活領(lǐng)域的融合。第三,非政府組織促進了合作治理的產(chǎn)生。無論是參與治理理論或者是其它理論設(shè)計,在本質(zhì)上,政府與其它參與者之間的關(guān)系都是一種協(xié)作關(guān)系,這種協(xié)作關(guān)系的特點是政府始終處于一種主導地位。也就是說,協(xié)作關(guān)系是屬于一種控制導向的關(guān)系類型。這種控制導向的協(xié)作模式無法適應(yīng)復雜社會現(xiàn)實對社會治理所提出的要求而面臨失靈。非政府組織的興起為合作治理創(chuàng)造了條件,非政府組織由于其不同于政府的治理優(yōu)勢而獲得了社會治理的主體地位。非政府組織與政府在社會治理功能上具有互補性,因而,為應(yīng)對風險社會的挑戰(zhàn),政府與非政府組織需要建立一種合作治理的關(guān)系。由于服務(wù)型政府在本質(zhì)上是一種合作治理社會治理模式,所以,非政府組織的興起實際上促進了服務(wù)型政府的產(chǎn)生。第四,非政府組織還能夠促進倫理精神的生成。非政府組織促進倫理精神的生成表現(xiàn)在,非政府組織既促進了公平正義的實現(xiàn),也促進了公共政策的合理性,促使政府從管理走向服務(wù),同時也促進了行政人員倫理精神的生成。非政府組織通過促進倫理精神的生成,它實際上催生了一種不同于管理型政府模式的服務(wù)型政府模式。概言之,非政府組織在服務(wù)型政府建設(shè)中的作用主要表現(xiàn)在非政府組織促進了服務(wù)型政府產(chǎn)生,它從多個方面對服務(wù)型政府的建立具有促進作用。當然,在另一方面,服務(wù)型政府對非政府組織也具有引導作用。
[Abstract]:In the eighties and nineties of the twentieth century, with the gradual progress of human society from an industrial society to a post-industrial society, the complexity and uncertainty of society increased, which led to the crisis of the traditional management-oriented government model with the value of efficiency as the center and control as the guide. In the process of administrative reform, many countries have reduced the size of government and reformed the government bureaucracy. As a result, an organization which is different from the government but has a certain status as a government entity has emerged. This is the non-governmental group represented by agencies and other entities. Unlike other organizations, NGOs seek not to play a supporting role in social governance, but to cooperate with the state and even assume certain functions of social governance independently. Therefore, the emergence of NGOs indicates a management-oriented society. First of all, non-governmental organizations can promote the spread of publicity. In the Management-oriented Social Governance model, the government monopolizes the responsibility of the supply of public services and public goods. However, with the transformation of human society from industrial society to post-industrial society, the highly complex and highly uncertain social reality leads to the risk of failure of management-oriented government. The only common subject, however, because NGOs assume some of the functions of social governance, NGOs have become as important as the government. Thus, NGOs promote the spread of publicity. On the other hand, NGOs actually promote the realization of substantive publicity. To cope with the highly complex social reality, the main reason is that the public nature of the management-oriented government is only the form of public nature, which in essence can not reflect the public interests of society, and can not meet the needs of highly uncertain society. On the one hand, it makes the publicity diffuse from the government to the society, breaking the monopoly of the government on the publicity, on the other hand, the non-governmental organizations become the main body of social governance also promotes the realization of publicity, and makes the publicity change from formal publicity to substantive publicity. Therefore, the emergence of non-governmental organizations actually promotes the emergence of service-oriented government. Secondly, non-governmental organizations promote the diffusion of publicity, but also promote the integration of fields. The government bureaucracy can not effectively express the social needs because of its own problems and shortcomings. Bureaucracy does not connect the state with society, but monopolizes the society with the state, which leads to the crisis of management administration. NGOs can become the non-governmental organizations. The organizational basis of domain integration. The reason why non-governmental organizations can become the organizational basis of domain integration lies in the unique characteristics of non-governmental organizations. Similarities between the domain and the private sphere result in NGOs becoming the organizational basis for domain integration. At the same time, NGOs can further promote the integration of the public sphere, the private sphere and the daily life sphere. On design, in essence, the relationship between government and other participants is a kind of cooperative relationship, which is characterized by the government always in a dominant position. In other words, cooperative relationship is a kind of control-oriented relationship type. This control-oriented cooperative model can not adapt to the complex social reality of social governance. The rise of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) has created conditions for cooperative governance, and NGOs have gained the dominant position of social governance because of their different governance advantages from the government. NGOs and the government are complementary in their social governance functions. Therefore, in order to meet the challenges of a risky society, the government and the government have to cooperate with each other. Non-governmental organizations need to establish a cooperative governance relationship. As service-oriented government is essentially a cooperative governance model, the rise of non-governmental organizations actually promotes the emergence of service-oriented government. Fourthly, non-governmental organizations can also promote the generation of ethical spirit. Non-governmental organizations promote ethical spirit. NGOs not only promote the realization of fairness and justice, but also promote the rationality of public policy, promote the government from management to service, and also promote the generation of ethical spirit of administrative personnel. In a word, the role of non-governmental organizations in the construction of service-oriented government is mainly manifested in that non-governmental organizations promote the emergence of service-oriented government, which promotes the establishment of service-oriented government in many ways. Of course, on the other hand, service-oriented government also has a guiding role for non-governmental organizations.
【學位授予單位】：南京大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：C912.2;D630
，
本文編號：2196046
[Abstract]:In the eighties and nineties of the twentieth century, with the gradual progress of human society from an industrial society to a post-industrial society, the complexity and uncertainty of society increased, which led to the crisis of the traditional management-oriented government model with the value of efficiency as the center and control as the guide. In the process of administrative reform, many countries have reduced the size of government and reformed the government bureaucracy. As a result, an organization which is different from the government but has a certain status as a government entity has emerged. This is the non-governmental group represented by agencies and other entities. Unlike other organizations, NGOs seek not to play a supporting role in social governance, but to cooperate with the state and even assume certain functions of social governance independently. Therefore, the emergence of NGOs indicates a management-oriented society. First of all, non-governmental organizations can promote the spread of publicity. In the Management-oriented Social Governance model, the government monopolizes the responsibility of the supply of public services and public goods. However, with the transformation of human society from industrial society to post-industrial society, the highly complex and highly uncertain social reality leads to the risk of failure of management-oriented government. The only common subject, however, because NGOs assume some of the functions of social governance, NGOs have become as important as the government. Thus, NGOs promote the spread of publicity. On the other hand, NGOs actually promote the realization of substantive publicity. To cope with the highly complex social reality, the main reason is that the public nature of the management-oriented government is only the form of public nature, which in essence can not reflect the public interests of society, and can not meet the needs of highly uncertain society. On the one hand, it makes the publicity diffuse from the government to the society, breaking the monopoly of the government on the publicity, on the other hand, the non-governmental organizations become the main body of social governance also promotes the realization of publicity, and makes the publicity change from formal publicity to substantive publicity. Therefore, the emergence of non-governmental organizations actually promotes the emergence of service-oriented government. Secondly, non-governmental organizations promote the diffusion of publicity, but also promote the integration of fields. The government bureaucracy can not effectively express the social needs because of its own problems and shortcomings. Bureaucracy does not connect the state with society, but monopolizes the society with the state, which leads to the crisis of management administration. NGOs can become the non-governmental organizations. The organizational basis of domain integration. The reason why non-governmental organizations can become the organizational basis of domain integration lies in the unique characteristics of non-governmental organizations. Similarities between the domain and the private sphere result in NGOs becoming the organizational basis for domain integration. At the same time, NGOs can further promote the integration of the public sphere, the private sphere and the daily life sphere. On design, in essence, the relationship between government and other participants is a kind of cooperative relationship, which is characterized by the government always in a dominant position. In other words, cooperative relationship is a kind of control-oriented relationship type. This control-oriented cooperative model can not adapt to the complex social reality of social governance. The rise of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) has created conditions for cooperative governance, and NGOs have gained the dominant position of social governance because of their different governance advantages from the government. NGOs and the government are complementary in their social governance functions. Therefore, in order to meet the challenges of a risky society, the government and the government have to cooperate with each other. Non-governmental organizations need to establish a cooperative governance relationship. As service-oriented government is essentially a cooperative governance model, the rise of non-governmental organizations actually promotes the emergence of service-oriented government. Fourthly, non-governmental organizations can also promote the generation of ethical spirit. Non-governmental organizations promote ethical spirit. NGOs not only promote the realization of fairness and justice, but also promote the rationality of public policy, promote the government from management to service, and also promote the generation of ethical spirit of administrative personnel. In a word, the role of non-governmental organizations in the construction of service-oriented government is mainly manifested in that non-governmental organizations promote the emergence of service-oriented government, which promotes the establishment of service-oriented government in many ways. Of course, on the other hand, service-oriented government also has a guiding role for non-governmental organizations.
【學位授予單位】：南京大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：C912.2;D630
，
本文編號：2196046
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