本文選題：弱勢兒童 + 權(quán)利�。� 參考：《武漢大學(xué)》2011年博士論文

【摘要】：兒童對(duì)于社會(huì)的發(fā)展而言就是代表著未來,是人類歷史延續(xù)的基礎(chǔ)。但兒童對(duì)于整個(gè)人類社會(huì)而言,是弱勢的,他們需要整個(gè)社會(huì)的幫助和保護(hù),特別是那些因身體、身份或所處環(huán)境而處于弱勢地位的兒童。在過去,兒童在某些情況下是作為家庭財(cái)產(chǎn)而存在的,并不能作為權(quán)利主體。隨后,在啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)中,成人社會(huì)才意識(shí)到兒童擁有其利益和權(quán)利。而進(jìn)入現(xiàn)代社會(huì)后,兒童權(quán)利法律體系的構(gòu)建和發(fā)展對(duì)兒童的權(quán)益提供了全面的保護(hù)。如今,我國兒童權(quán)利保護(hù)工作已經(jīng)取得具大的成就,一系列的法律法規(guī)已經(jīng)成功實(shí)施,但是我們不能否認(rèn)這一事實(shí)即有關(guān)弱勢兒童權(quán)利保護(hù)方面,我們還有許多需要完善的地方。 本文分為前言、主體、結(jié)論三部分,其中主體部分由五章構(gòu)成。 第一章是有關(guān)弱勢兒童權(quán)利的概述,分析了弱勢兒童權(quán)利的一些基本概念。首先,該段分析了弱勢兒童由哪些兒童構(gòu)成,及其主體特性。在某種意義上,弱勢兒童可謂社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)型和改革的產(chǎn)物。其次,是對(duì)弱勢兒童權(quán)利歷史演進(jìn)進(jìn)行了梳理與分析。最后從弱勢兒童權(quán)利特征上進(jìn)行論證,證明其作為社會(huì)最弱勢的群體,應(yīng)該予以全社會(huì)更多的幫助與保護(hù)。 第二章是有關(guān)弱勢兒童權(quán)利相關(guān)原則的介紹。該部分論證了《兒童權(quán)利公約》在兒童權(quán)利保護(hù)方面所富有的價(jià)值以及對(duì)兒童公約中所包含的兒童最大利益原則、平等原則、尊重兒童原則、整體保護(hù)原則進(jìn)行了分析。 第三章是有關(guān)教育領(lǐng)域中弱勢兒童權(quán)利保護(hù)的分析。對(duì)于弱勢兒童而言,教育可謂是改變其命運(yùn)最有效又最為公平的渠道,所以弱勢兒童群體的教育問題是其權(quán)利實(shí)現(xiàn)的一個(gè)核心問題。本章對(duì)農(nóng)民工隨遷子女、農(nóng)村留守兒童、落后地區(qū)兒童、殘疾兒童、女童這樣幾個(gè)教育領(lǐng)域中典型的弱勢兒童有關(guān)入學(xué)機(jī)會(huì)、教育過程以及教育結(jié)果幾個(gè)方面中遭遇到的不公平以及國家教育資源分配對(duì)其的影響進(jìn)行了剖析。 第四章是有關(guān)家庭中兒童權(quán)利保護(hù)的分析�，F(xiàn)如今,家庭對(duì)于某些兒童不再是絕對(duì)安全和愉悅的地方,那里充斥著對(duì)兒童的侵害,兒童的權(quán)利主體地位被父母否認(rèn),兒童只是父母、家庭的附屬品。該章選取離婚家庭中的兒童以及遭受家庭暴力的兒童作為分析對(duì)象,論證其權(quán)利侵害的類型以及負(fù)面影響,并得出結(jié)論,即是由于傳統(tǒng)家庭倫理關(guān)系的影響以及國家法律對(duì)家庭中侵權(quán)事件的較少干預(yù)政策,造成了其侵權(quán)的發(fā)生。 第五章是有關(guān)司法領(lǐng)域中的弱勢兒童即未成年罪犯的討論。在司法中的未成年人亦是屬于弱勢兒童群體,他們面對(duì)的強(qiáng)而有力的國家公權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān),其弱勢是顯而易見的。未成年犯罪的形成,并非單純自身過錯(cuò),未成年罪犯刑事糾正的目的不是對(duì)其懲罰而是幫助其順利回歸社會(huì)。因此,本章對(duì)國家及社會(huì)都應(yīng)該承擔(dān)其應(yīng)有的責(zé)任。為了保護(hù)未成年人,對(duì)未成年犯罪實(shí)行與成年人不同的刑事處罰措施,所以本章通過對(duì)行刑社會(huì)化,尤其是社區(qū)矯正以及前科消滅制度進(jìn)行了分析,以求對(duì)未成年罪犯權(quán)利保護(hù)進(jìn)行探索。
[Abstract]:For the development of society, children represent the future and the basis for the continuation of human history. But children are disadvantaged for the whole human society. They need the help and protection of the whole society, especially those who are in a weak position because of their body, identity, or environment. In the past, children are in some cases done. In the enlightenment, adult society realized that children had their interests and rights in the enlightenment movement. After entering modern society, the construction and development of the legal system of children's rights provided comprehensive protection for the rights and interests of children. Now, the protection of children's rights has been achieved in our country. Big achievements, a series of laws and regulations have been successfully implemented, but we can not deny the fact that the protection of the rights of vulnerable children, we still have a lot of need to improve.
This article is divided into three parts: preface, main body and conclusion. The main body consists of five chapters.
The first chapter is an overview of the rights of vulnerable children and some basic concepts of the rights of disadvantaged children. First, the paragraph analyzes which children constitute and their main characteristics. In a sense, the disadvantaged children may be the product of social transformation and reform. Secondly, the historical evolution of the rights of the vulnerable children is combed and carried out. Finally, from the perspective of the characteristics of vulnerable children's rights, it is proved that as the most vulnerable group in society, it should give more help and protection to the whole society.
The second chapter is an introduction to the relevant principles of the rights of disadvantaged children. This part demonstrates the value of the Convention on the rights of children in the protection of children's rights, and the principle of the greatest interests of children, the principle of equality, the principle of respect for children and the protection of the whole of the children's convention.
The third chapter is an analysis of the protection of the rights of the vulnerable children in the field of education. For the vulnerable children, education is the most effective and fair channel to change their fate. Therefore, the education of the vulnerable children is a core problem for the realization of their rights. Children, disabled children and girls are the typical disadvantaged children in the fields of education, the unfairness encountered in several aspects of the educational process and the results of education, and the impact of the distribution of national educational resources on them.
The fourth chapter is an analysis of the protection of the rights of children in the family. Nowadays, the family is no longer a place of absolute safety and pleasure for some children. It is full of violations of children, the main position of the rights of children is denied by their parents, the children are only parents and the appendages of the family. This chapter selects children in the divorced families and the families. The violent children, as the analysis object, demonstrate the types and negative effects of their rights infringement, and draw a conclusion that it is due to the influence of traditional family ethics and the less intervention policies of national law on the torts in the family, which has caused the occurrence of its infringement.
The fifth chapter is the discussion about the disadvantaged children in the judicial field, that is, the juvenile delinquency. In the judiciary, the minors are also a group of vulnerable children. The strong and powerful state organs of power they face are obvious. The formation of the juvenile delinquency is not a single fault and the criminal correction of minor criminals. It is not to punish it but to help it to return to society smoothly. Therefore, this chapter should take its due responsibility for the state and the society. In order to protect minors and carry out criminal penalties for juvenile delinquency, this chapter adopts the socialization of execution, especially community correction and the abolition of previous studies. The purpose of the analysis is to explore the protection of juvenile criminals' rights.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：C913.5

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