本文選題：城市 + 自組織城市　； 參考：《山西大學(xué)》2012年博士論文

【摘要】：城市是人類創(chuàng)造的最偉大自組織作品之一,是人類社會發(fā)展到一定階段的自組織產(chǎn)物,它一經(jīng)出現(xiàn)就占據(jù)了人類活動的主導(dǎo)地位,其演化發(fā)展是人類社會文明進(jìn)步的基本標(biāo)志。如何在城市化發(fā)展的長河中,真正認(rèn)識到人類與城市的關(guān)系,如何在最大程度上滿足自身需要又符合自然規(guī)律,是我們研究城市發(fā)展演變規(guī)律的重要目的。本論文希望通過對于自組織城市的研究來改變?nèi)藗儗Τ鞘械膽B(tài)度,并希望在此基礎(chǔ)上對現(xiàn)行的城市發(fā)展思路和發(fā)展模式進(jìn)行檢討和反省,在認(rèn)識到城市復(fù)雜性的同時,樹立自組織的城市發(fā)展觀,為城市的有機(jī)動態(tài)規(guī)劃與健康有序發(fā)展提供指導(dǎo),并最終影響人們的行動。 所謂城市自組織,是指城市作為一個自然-社會復(fù)合系統(tǒng),大尺度上的形成與演化主要不是人類自覺意志作用的結(jié)果,而是在內(nèi)外多種因素的共同作用之下,自主、自發(fā)、自然的過程。開展和加強(qiáng)自組織城市研究,具有十分重要的理論意義和現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。其理論意義主要表現(xiàn)為：將自組織理論研究延伸到城市演化領(lǐng)域,不但可以橫向拓展其適用領(lǐng)域,還可以使其在與城市研究相結(jié)合中不斷豐富、完善和發(fā)展,使其成為具有更廣泛應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域和普遍意義的重要理論、觀點(diǎn)和方法；將自組織理論研究延伸到城市演化領(lǐng)域,并從系統(tǒng)哲學(xué)的視角構(gòu)建自組織城市理論體系既有助于我們系統(tǒng)、全面地認(rèn)識城市,也有助于城市理論的豐富、完善和發(fā)展。其現(xiàn)實(shí)意義主要體現(xiàn)在：從系統(tǒng)哲學(xué)角度整合自組織理論與城市發(fā)展研究,有助于將自組織、自創(chuàng)造等新觀念更好、更系統(tǒng)地貫徹到城市規(guī)劃、建設(shè)和管理、城市發(fā)展目標(biāo)設(shè)計以及城市行政政策制定等過程之中；通過對自組織理論的研究和應(yīng)用,使城市系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的各個構(gòu)成要素能夠在非線性相互作用的驅(qū)使之下自動、自發(fā)地形成有序結(jié)構(gòu),從而為解決目前城市中存在的一系列社會問題提供解決思路與方法指導(dǎo)。 本論文以自組織哲學(xué)為指導(dǎo),充分借鑒了中國傳統(tǒng)哲學(xué)、西方科學(xué)哲學(xué)、自組織理論以及中外城市理論等領(lǐng)域的研究成果,運(yùn)用歷史研究、跨學(xué)科研究、系統(tǒng)研究、比較分析以及實(shí)證研究等方法就城市的自組織演變及其典型案例展開了較為系統(tǒng)的研究。在分析論證的基礎(chǔ)上提出了以城市形成的自發(fā)性、城市演化的非他律性、城市自組織演化的根本動力是人類特有的創(chuàng)造性活動為其核心觀點(diǎn)的一種新的城市發(fā)展觀——自組織城市新論。 本論文的基本內(nèi)容體現(xiàn)為論文的七章。第一章緒論,主要介紹了研究的背景、目的、意義、方法以及論文的重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)和創(chuàng)新點(diǎn)。第二章相關(guān)概念及其比較研究,從理論和實(shí)踐兩個方面分析比較了自組織與他組織、城市自組織與城市他組織、城市自組織與自組織城市,從城市具有開放性、非平衡性、非線性以及存在著漲落等方面分析論證了城市是一個典型的耗散系統(tǒng)的觀點(diǎn),并簡要分析論述了城市的自組織過程。第三章相關(guān)理論研究綜述,首先分析了城市與城市理論,簡要梳理了中外城市理論的歷史演變,分析介紹了田園城市理論、有機(jī)城市理論、生態(tài)城市理論、可持續(xù)發(fā)展城市理論、山水城市理論、數(shù)字城市理論、全球城市理論、城市治理理論、健康城市理論、學(xué)習(xí)型城市理論等典型城市理論的基本觀點(diǎn),特別是分析了這些理論所揭示出來的城市自組織特性。其次梳理了自組織理論的發(fā)展歷史,簡要介紹了耗散結(jié)構(gòu)理論、協(xié)同學(xué)、混沌理論、分形理論、超循環(huán)論等典型自組織理論。最后梳理了國內(nèi)外自組織城市理論的研究進(jìn)展,簡要分析了耗散城市理論(Dissipative Cities)、協(xié)同城市理論(Synergetic Cities)、混沌城市理論(Chaotic Cities)、分形城市理論(Fractal Cities)、細(xì)胞城市理論(CellularCities,或譯“元胞城市”)、沙堆城市理論(Sand pileCities)以及FACS和IRN城市理論等自組織城市理論。第四章自組織城市形成的自發(fā)性研究,從理論和實(shí)踐兩個方面分析論證了自組織城市新論的第一個假設(shè)——城市的形成不是由“誰”從外部“規(guī)劃設(shè)計”和“他組織”的,而是人類通過自己的實(shí)踐創(chuàng)造活動自發(fā)形成的結(jié)果。第五章自組織城市演變的非他律性研究,從理論和實(shí)踐兩個方面分析論證了自組織城市新論的第二個假設(shè)——城市的發(fā)展演變不是特定外界指令作用的結(jié)果,不是受某種意志支配的他組織過程,而是在各種因素的綜合作用下,基于城市中的各個個體、群體、組織生存發(fā)展的實(shí)際需求,不斷修正調(diào)整自身發(fā)展目標(biāo)而逐步展開的,城市發(fā)展演變的進(jìn)程不在人們的預(yù)期之中,即城市演變具有非他律性。第六章自組織城市發(fā)展的根本動力研究,從理論和實(shí)踐兩個方面分析論證了自組織城市發(fā)展新論的第三個假設(shè)——城市自組織發(fā)展的根本動力不是人類自覺的他組織活動,也不可能是自然的力量,而是來自于人類所特有的突破傳統(tǒng)的創(chuàng)造性活動。城市系統(tǒng)形成的自發(fā)性與演化的非他律性構(gòu)成了自組織城市的內(nèi)在機(jī)制,在這一點(diǎn)上城市系統(tǒng)與自然系統(tǒng)并沒有根本區(qū)別。兩者的不同主要在于導(dǎo)致自己自發(fā)性起源和非他律性演化的動力構(gòu)成：自然系統(tǒng)的自組織主要取決系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部各組成要素之間錯綜復(fù)雜的非線性相互作用所形成的序參量；而城市系統(tǒng)的自組織則主要源于系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部包括人在內(nèi)的各組成要素之間錯綜復(fù)雜的非線性相互作用所形成的“合力”。人是城市的主體,是城市系統(tǒng)的主要組成要素,人的活動是推動城市發(fā)展的主導(dǎo)性力量。人的活動可以劃分為創(chuàng)造性活動和再造性活動,前者是導(dǎo)致城市自組織發(fā)展的根本動力,后者是決定城市他組織發(fā)展的主要力量。在分析證明了城市系統(tǒng)總體上或大尺度上呈現(xiàn)出明顯的自組織特性之后,我們得到的結(jié)論只能是：創(chuàng)造是城市自組織的根本動力。第七章自組織城市新論之案例分析,分別選取了中國的閬中和意大利的威尼斯這兩個自組織城市的典型案例,運(yùn)用自組織城市新論的三個假設(shè)簡要分析論證了她們自發(fā)形成和非他律性演變的歷史,希望以此印證自組織城市理論及其相關(guān)理念的科學(xué)性與合理性。
[Abstract]:City is one of the greatest self organized works created by human beings. It is the self organizing product of the development of human society to a certain stage. It occupies the dominant position of human activities as soon as it appears. Its evolution and development is the basic symbol of the progress of civilization of human society. How to realize the relationship between human and city in the long river of urbanization development It is an important purpose for us to study the law of urban development and evolution. This paper hopes to change the attitude of people to the city through the study of self organized city, and hope to review and reflect on the current urban development thinking and development model on this basis. While recognizing the complexity of the city, a self-organized concept of urban development provides guidance for the organic dynamic planning and healthy development of the city, and ultimately affects people's actions.
The so-called city self-organization refers to the city as a natural and social complex system, the formation and evolution of the large scale is not the result of human voluntary will, but the process of autonomy, spontaneity and nature under the joint action of various internal and external factors. It is of great theoretical significance to carry out and strengthen the study of self organized cities. Its theoretical significance is mainly as follows: extending the study of self-organization theory to the field of urban evolution can not only expand its application field horizontally, but also enrich, improve and develop in the combination with urban research, and make it an important theory with wider scope and universal significance. It extends the study of self-organization theory to the field of urban evolution, and constructs a self-organizing urban theory from the perspective of system philosophy, which is helpful to both our system, the comprehensive understanding of the city, and the enrichment, perfection and development of the urban theory. Its practical significance is mainly embodied in the integration of the theory of self-organization and the city from the perspective of system philosophy. Development research helps to make the new concepts such as self-organization and self creation better and more systematically into the process of urban planning, construction and management, the design of urban development goals and the formulation of urban administrative policies. By the research and application of the theory of self-organization, the various elements in the urban system can interact with each other in the nonlinear interaction. Under the drive, we can automatically and spontaneously form an orderly structure, so as to provide solutions and guidance for solving a series of social problems in the city.
With the guidance of self organizing philosophy, this paper fully draws on the research achievements of Chinese traditional philosophy, western philosophy of science, self-organization theory and Chinese and foreign urban theory, and uses historical research, interdisciplinary research, systematic research, comparative analysis and empirical research on the self-organization evolution of the city and its typical cases. On the basis of the analysis and demonstration, the spontaneity of urban formation and the non heteronomy of urban evolution are put forward on the basis of analysis and demonstration. The fundamental motive force of urban self-organization evolution is a new concept of urban development, a new theory of urban development, which is the core of human unique creative activities - self organized city.
The basic content of this paper is the seven chapter of the thesis. The first chapter is introduction, which mainly introduces the background, purpose, significance, method, key points, difficulties and innovation points of the thesis. The second chapter related concepts and their comparative studies, and compare the self-organization and his organization, urban self-organization and urban organization from two aspects of theory and practice. Urban self-organization and self-organizing City, from the aspects of the city's openness, non balance, nonlinearity and the existence of fluctuation, the city is a typical dissipative system, and the self organization process of the city is briefly analyzed and discussed. The third chapters of the related theories are summarized, first of all, the theory of City and city is analyzed, and the brief analysis is made. The historical evolution of urban theory in China and foreign countries was combed, and the basic views of typical urban theories, such as the theory of pastoral City, the theory of organic City, the theory of ecological city, the theory of sustainable development, the theory of landscape city, the theory of digital city, the theory of the global city, the theory of urban governance, the theory of urban governance, the theory of healthy cities, the theory of learning city and so on, were analyzed and introduced. Secondly, it analyzes the self organization characteristics of the cities revealed by these theories. Secondly, it combs the history of the development of self-organization theory, briefly introduces the theory of dissipative structure, synergetics, chaos theory, fractal theory, super cycle theory and other typical self-organization theories. Finally, the research progress of self-organized city theory at home and abroad is combed, and the consumption is briefly analyzed. Dissipative Cities, collaborative city theory (Synergetic Cities), chaotic city theory (Chaotic Cities), Fractal City Theory (Fractal Cities), cell city theory (CellularCities, or translation "cell city"), sandpile city theory (Sand pileCities) and FACS and urban theory of self organized city theory, Fourth The spontaneous study of the formation of the self organized city is the first hypothesis of the new theory of self organizing cities from two aspects of theory and practice - the formation of the city is not from "who" from the external "planning and design" and "his organization", but the result of the spontaneous formation of human beings through their own practice creation. The fifth chapter is self-organized. The study of the non heteronomy of the evolution of the city of weave city analyses and demonstrates the second hypotheses of the new theory of self organized cities from two aspects of theory and practice - the development and evolution of the city is not the result of the specific external instruction, not the organizational process dominated by a will, but under the comprehensive effect of various factors and based on the various cities. The process of urban development and evolution is not in the expectation of people, that is, the evolution of urban development is not heteronomy. The sixth chapter studies the fundamental motive force of the development of the urban development, and analyzes and demonstrates the self-organization from two aspects of theory and practice. The third hypothesis of the new theory of urban development -- the fundamental motive force of the urban self-organization development is not the human self-conscious organizational activity, nor the natural force, but from the unique creative activities of the human being. The spontaneous and evolutionary non heteronomy of the urban system forms the inner part of the self organized city. There is no fundamental difference between the urban system and the natural system at this point. The difference between the two is mainly due to the dynamic formation of their spontaneous and non heteronomy evolution: the self-organization of the natural system mainly depends on the sequence parameters formed by the intricate and non linear interaction among the components of the system; The self-organization of the city system is mainly derived from the "resultant force" formed by the complex nonlinear interaction among the elements including human beings. Human is the main body of the city, the main component of the urban system, and the human activity is the leading force to promote the development of the city. The former is the fundamental motive force of urban self-organization development, and the latter is the main force that determines the development of the city's organization. After the analysis shows that the urban system on the overall or large scale shows obvious self organizational characteristics, we can only get the conclusion that creation is the fundamental motive force of urban self-organization. Seventh From the case analysis of the new theory of the city, this paper selects the typical cases of two self-organizing cities in Langzhong and Italy in Italy, and uses the three hypotheses of the new theory of self organized cities to demonstrate their spontaneous and non heteronomy history. The scientificity and reasonableness of the idea.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山西大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：C912.81

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