本文選題：關(guān)系網(wǎng)絡(luò) + 脫域�。� 參考：《吉林大學(xué)》2012年博士論文

【摘要】：在整體社會結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)型的背景下，不僅城市社會關(guān)系走上重組之路，微觀的個人關(guān)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)也開始重構(gòu)。那么，作為地域性社會單元的城市社區(qū)，其結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生了哪些變化？它是否具有共同體的性質(zhì)？居民關(guān)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)的重構(gòu)是否影響、怎樣影響社區(qū)的結(jié)構(gòu)？基于對上述問題的追問，本文嘗試在宏觀社會轉(zhuǎn)型背景下，以居民個體社會關(guān)系的變化對城市社區(qū)整體結(jié)構(gòu)的影響為視角，探討當(dāng)代中國城市社區(qū)的結(jié)構(gòu)特征，分析居民關(guān)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)脫域?qū)ι鐓^(qū)結(jié)構(gòu)的影響，并進一步解釋社區(qū)實踐中的參與問題，提出社區(qū)共同體培育的行動策略。 本文認(rèn)為，對現(xiàn)實社區(qū)形態(tài)的正確認(rèn)識是開展社區(qū)研究與社區(qū)實踐的邏輯起點。為明確城市社區(qū)能否是共同體，本文通過對“共同體”理論的梳理指出，共同體是一種因持續(xù)互動所形成的肯定性的關(guān)系類型。在傳統(tǒng)社會，因地域性紐帶關(guān)系所形成的共同體比較普遍，但地域不是共同體的本質(zhì)屬性。進入現(xiàn)代社會以后，形成共同體的關(guān)系紐帶更為豐富。而現(xiàn)代交通、通訊的發(fā)展，使人們的社會交往已經(jīng)擺脫地域的限制向更廣闊的空間發(fā)展，地域關(guān)系能否成為緊密的共同體關(guān)系紐帶，或者說，城市地域社區(qū)能否成為共同體，居民內(nèi)源性的共同體需求是其存在的前提，同時還在于各種社會條件的契合與培育，正如“單位社區(qū)”的歷史存在。 社會轉(zhuǎn)型對城市社區(qū)的影響是深刻的。宏觀上，隨著國家與社會的分離，城市社區(qū)成為相對獨立、內(nèi)部聯(lián)系松散的地域社會；中觀層面，隨著政府小型化、單位職能專業(yè)化，將溢出的社會職能下沉到地域社區(qū)；微觀層面，游離的社會個體增多，自主性和流動性增強，社區(qū)成為游離于“單位”之外的社會個體的主要活動空間。社會轉(zhuǎn)型不僅使社區(qū)關(guān)系開始重組，由于資源配置體制的變遷、現(xiàn)代社會脫域機制的作用、個人選擇行為的理性化以及社會流動自由化與社會服務(wù)市場化的影響，個人關(guān)系也普遍向社區(qū)外拓展，形成各種脫域的關(guān)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)。通過對城市社區(qū)的現(xiàn)實考察發(fā)現(xiàn)，城市社區(qū)現(xiàn)有結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)重缺失，社區(qū)內(nèi)的聯(lián)系越來越少，居民對社區(qū)難以認(rèn)同，難以激發(fā)出居民的參與熱情，實證研究證明當(dāng)代中國城市社區(qū)的共同體性日益式微。 隨著高度組織化的“單位制”社會向“社區(qū)制”社會的轉(zhuǎn)變，城市社區(qū)“被”歷史性地賦予了整合與控制社會的功能，并且通過社區(qū)建設(shè)實現(xiàn)社會高度分化之后的再度整合。城市社區(qū)能否成為聯(lián)結(jié)個人與社會的關(guān)系紐帶，能否具有將居民組織起來的社會整合功能，關(guān)鍵在于社區(qū)是否具有合理的結(jié)構(gòu)，社區(qū)中是否存在廣泛的地域聯(lián)系。就社區(qū)結(jié)構(gòu)缺失、社區(qū)共同體性日益式微的事實，社區(qū)建設(shè)就是要通過對社區(qū)內(nèi)共同體關(guān)系的培育來完善社區(qū)結(jié)構(gòu)。而居民對完善的社區(qū)服務(wù)功能、親密的鄰里關(guān)系表現(xiàn)出的一致期待，是城市社區(qū)共同體培育的現(xiàn)實依據(jù)，也是社區(qū)建設(shè)的前提基礎(chǔ)。 本文從社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)和結(jié)構(gòu)化理論出發(fā)，詳細(xì)分析了脫域的個人網(wǎng)絡(luò)對社區(qū)結(jié)構(gòu)的影響。居民關(guān)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)脫域直接導(dǎo)致社區(qū)內(nèi)鄰里關(guān)系疏離淡化、社區(qū)組織發(fā)育不良，社區(qū)聯(lián)系衰弱，致使城市社區(qū)結(jié)構(gòu)缺失。居民的社區(qū)意識和社區(qū)情感難以建立，促進社區(qū)關(guān)系形成的居民社區(qū)參與普遍不足。對于居民普遍的社區(qū)參與不足這一社區(qū)發(fā)展的瓶頸問題，社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)理論為解釋居民的參與行為找到了關(guān)系結(jié)構(gòu)上的依據(jù)。 社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)理論強調(diào)，行為“內(nèi)嵌”于關(guān)系，個人在具體網(wǎng)絡(luò)中所處的位置、與該網(wǎng)絡(luò)關(guān)系的強弱、關(guān)系的重疊情況等都構(gòu)成了對個人行為的不同約束。居民雖然是社區(qū)的主體，，但是居民在社區(qū)關(guān)系結(jié)構(gòu)中的邊緣地位決定其參與的積極性受損。在社會脫域機制的作用下，居民與社區(qū)的關(guān)系是逐漸弱化的一種社會關(guān)系。在整體社區(qū)關(guān)系中，處于社區(qū)核心位置的是社區(qū)居委會，但是由于其功能的行政化，不能作為居民權(quán)益的代表，滿足居民需要能力及對居民的調(diào)動能力都十分有限，居民與居委會尚未形成穩(wěn)定的結(jié)構(gòu)性的聯(lián)系，居民沒有進入社區(qū)關(guān)系結(jié)構(gòu)的核心而處于社區(qū)關(guān)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)的邊緣。居民的這種邊緣位置決定了社區(qū)的現(xiàn)有結(jié)構(gòu)對居民的約束有限，居民對自身在社區(qū)關(guān)系中的責(zé)任與義務(wù)難以形成明確的覺悟，很難形成像傳統(tǒng)社區(qū)那樣自覺主動的社區(qū)參與意識，社區(qū)參與不足成為現(xiàn)實社區(qū)結(jié)構(gòu)下的一種必然。 結(jié)構(gòu)化理論強調(diào)了社會結(jié)構(gòu)與人的行動之間的雙向建構(gòu)關(guān)系，社區(qū)結(jié)構(gòu)制約居民的參與行為，社區(qū)參與行為同樣具有結(jié)構(gòu)建構(gòu)（創(chuàng)造）功能。居民通過積極的社區(qū)參與會創(chuàng)建廣泛密集的社會關(guān)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)，社區(qū)參與過程就是社區(qū)結(jié)構(gòu)的生成或重塑過程。正是由于個人關(guān)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)脫域?qū)е碌赜蛏鐓^(qū)的結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)缺失，不完善的社區(qū)結(jié)構(gòu)制約了居民的社區(qū)參與行為，造成普遍的參與不足。在居民缺少參與熱情的情況下，參與行為重塑下的社區(qū)橫向關(guān)系結(jié)構(gòu)難以形成。而社區(qū)中最能體現(xiàn)共同體特征的就是橫向的社會關(guān)系。 城市社區(qū)共同體性日益式微，以及脫域共同體的普遍存在，并不意味著社區(qū)共同體關(guān)系的完全喪失。地域性的社會關(guān)聯(lián)始終是存在的，而且具有不可替代的存在價值。針對居民關(guān)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)脫域的影響，本文提出，以社區(qū)內(nèi)源性共同體潛力為基礎(chǔ)，通過復(fù)蘇鄰里關(guān)系，喚醒共同意識、挖掘共同利益，利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的再地方化效應(yīng)等相應(yīng)建構(gòu)策略，重建網(wǎng)絡(luò)時代的新地緣，培育居民和社會需要的共同體性社區(qū)形態(tài)。 時空分離作為“脫域”的初始條件，它是雙向度的，即脫域的社會關(guān)系在無限時空再聯(lián)結(jié)時，具有與地域性的時—空條件相契合的“再嵌入”效應(yīng)。利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的“再地方化”效應(yīng)來進行社區(qū)內(nèi)區(qū)域網(wǎng)絡(luò)的建設(shè)，不僅開拓了居民社區(qū)參與的新渠道，而且有利于培育居民之間的地域關(guān)系。完善的社區(qū)服務(wù)是居民社區(qū)認(rèn)同的前提條件，也是建立個人與社區(qū)聯(lián)系的紐帶，通過完善社區(qū)服務(wù)功能，可以培育豐富的“個人”與“社區(qū)”關(guān)系。和諧溫馨的鄰里關(guān)系是社區(qū)存在的基礎(chǔ)，恢復(fù)與重建鄰里關(guān)系，一方面是開展豐富多彩的社區(qū)活動促進居民交往；另一方面是扶植各種志愿組織促進居民互幫互助，形成穩(wěn)定持久的鄰里關(guān)系。公共精神的普及是建立社區(qū)意識和培養(yǎng)社區(qū)認(rèn)同的基礎(chǔ)，也是社區(qū)成長發(fā)育的精神基礎(chǔ)。挖掘共同利益，社區(qū)居民之間以及居民與社區(qū)之間存在的共同利益越多越有可能發(fā)展出共同的意識。
[Abstract]:In the context of the transformation of the whole social structure, not only the urban social relationship is on the road of restructuring, but also the micro personal relationship network is also reconstructing. Then, what changes have happened to the urban community as a regional social unit? Does it have the nature of the community? Whether the reconstruction of the network of resident relations affects and how the community affects the community Based on the questions mentioned above, this paper tries to explore the structural characteristics of urban communities in contemporary China under the background of macro social transformation and the impact of the change of individual social relations on the overall structure of urban communities, to analyze the influence of the network of resident relations on the community structure, and to further explain the community practice. The action strategy of community community cultivation is put forward.
The correct understanding of the real community form is the logical starting point for the community research and community practice. In order to clarify whether the urban community is a community, this article, through the combing of the "community" theory, points out that the community is a positive relationship type formed by the continuous interaction. In the traditional society, the regional ties are linked. The community formed by the relationship is more common, but the region is not the essential attribute of the community. After entering the modern society, the relationship of the community is more rich. And the modern traffic and the development of communication have made people's social communication develop from the limits of the region to a wider space, and the regional relations can become close together. In other words, whether the urban regional community can become a community, the endogenous community needs of the residents are the premise of its existence, at the same time, it also lies in the combination and cultivation of various social conditions, just as the history of the "unit community".
The influence of social transformation on urban community is profound. On the macro level, with the separation of state and society, urban communities become relatively independent and incompact regional society. At the meso level, with the miniaturization of the government and the specialization of the unit functions, the overflow of social functions will sink to the regional community; the micro level, the free social individual increases. The community becomes the main space for social individuals outside the "unit". The social transformation not only makes the community relations reorganized, because of the changes in the allocation system of resources, the role of the modern social depot mechanism, the rationalization of individual choice behavior, the liberalization of social mobility and the social service city. Through the investigation of the urban community, it is found that the existing structure of the urban community is seriously missing, the relations in the community are less and less, the residents are difficult to identify with the community, and it is difficult to stimulate the enthusiasm of the residents. The empirical research proves the contemporary Chinese city. The community of the city community is declining.
With the transformation of the highly organized "unit system" society to the "community system" society, the urban community has been given the function of integrating and controlling the society historically, and reintegrating the community through the community construction. The key to the social integration function of the residents is whether the community has a reasonable structure and whether there is a wide regional connection in the community. As to the fact that the community structure is missing and the community community is declining, the community construction is to improve the community structure through the cultivation of community relations in the community. The community service function and the close expectation shown in the close neighborhood relationship are the realistic basis for the cultivation of the urban community community and the precondition for the community construction.
From the social network and the structural theory, this paper analyzes the influence of the individual network on the community structure, which leads to the desalination of the neighbourhood relations in the community, the poor development of the community and the weakness of the community connection, and the lack of the urban community structure. The community consciousness and emotion of the residents are difficult to build. The residents' community participation in community relations is generally inadequate. The social network theory has found a structural basis to explain the residents' participation in the community's bottleneck problem for the community's lack of community participation.
The social network theory emphasizes that the behavior "embedded" in the relationship, the position of the individual in the specific network, the strength of the relationship with the network, the overlapping of the relationship, etc. all constitute the different constraints to the individual behavior. Although the residents are the main body of the community, the residents' Marginalization in the community structure determines the enthusiasm of their participation. Under the role of social de domain mechanism, the relationship between residents and community is a gradual weakening of social relations. In the whole community relationship, the community neighborhood committee is the core of the community, but because of its administrative function, it can not be the representative of the residents' rights and interests, the ability of full residents and the ability to mobilize the residents is ten The residents and the neighborhood committees have not yet formed a stable structural connection, the residents have not entered the core of the community relations structure and are at the edge of the community relations network. This marginal position of the residents determines that the existing structure of the community is limited to the constraints of the residents, and the residents' responsibilities and obligations in their community relations are difficult to form. It is difficult to imagine the conscious participation of the traditional community in community consciousness, and the lack of community participation is a necessity under the reality of the community structure.
Structural theory emphasizes the two-way construction relationship between social structure and human action. Community structure restricts the participation behavior of residents. Community participation behavior also has structural construction (creation) function. Residents will create a wide and dense social relations network through active community participation, and community participation is the generation of community structure. It is the process of reshaping. It is the loss of the structure of the regional community because of the deletion of the personal relationship network. The imperfect community structure restricts the participation behavior of the residents, resulting in the lack of general participation. Horizontal social relations can reflect the characteristics of the community.
The decline of community community in urban communities, as well as the universal existence of the community, does not mean the complete loss of community community relations. Regional social connections are always existing and have irreplaceable value. In view of the influence of the network of residents' relationship network, this paper puts forward the potential of community endogenous community as the potential of community community. On the basis of reviving neighbourhood relations, awakening common consciousness, excavating common interests, using the corresponding construction strategy of the Internet, reconstructing the new geopolitics of the network age and cultivating community form of the needs of the residents and the society.
As the initial condition of "dedomain", space-time separation is bi-directional, that is, when the social relations of the depot are reconnected in the infinite time and space, it has the "re embedding" effect that corresponds to the regional time and space condition. The new channel is conducive to the cultivation of regional relations between the residents. The perfect community service is the prerequisite for the community identity of the residents. It is also the link between the individual and the community. Through the improvement of the community service function, the rich "individual" and "community" relationship can be cultivated. The harmonious and warm neighbourhood relationship is the existence of the community. On the one hand, the restoration and reconstruction of the neighbourhood, on the one hand, is to carry out rich and colorful community activities to promote the interaction of the residents; on the other hand, to foster the various voluntary organizations to promote the mutual help and mutual assistance and to form a stable and lasting neighborhood relationship. The popularization of the public spirit is the foundation of establishing community consciousness and cultivating community identity, and also the development and development of the community. The more common interests we have, the more common interests we have among our community residents and between residents and communities, the more likely they are to develop common sense.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：C916

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2 王香萍;中國城市社區(qū)矛盾沖突問題研究[D];山西大學(xué);2011年

3 鹿秀娥;教育虛擬社區(qū)知識共享研究[D];曲阜師范大學(xué);2010年

4 曹安;我國農(nóng)村社區(qū)治理中的公民參與問題研究[D];上海師范大學(xué);2010年

5 王遵峰;社區(qū)建設(shè)中網(wǎng)絡(luò)交流工具的運用與管理[D];浙江工商大學(xué);2012年

6 徐華萍;上海社區(qū)志愿服務(wù)研究[D];上海交通大學(xué);2010年

7 張會纖;兩種社會關(guān)聯(lián)視角下的村莊秩序[D];華東師范大學(xué);2010年

8 韓瑞紅;我國城市社區(qū)文化建設(shè)研究[D];大連海事大學(xué);2011年

9 舒曉虎;社區(qū)公共空間再造[D];華中師范大學(xué);2011年

10 趙欣;禮物流動與社會資本的構(gòu)建[D];貴州財經(jīng)大學(xué);2012年

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