本文關鍵詞： 養(yǎng)育成本 生活支出 教育支出 醫(yī)療花費 陪伴時間　出處：《河北大學》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：2015年10月中共十八屆五中全會決定實施全面二孩政策,這是繼單獨二孩政策后的又一次計劃生育政策重大調(diào)整。然而,政策實施至今,并沒有收到預期的效果。根據(jù)一些學者的研究,其原因主要在于生育撫養(yǎng)孩子的生活、教育、醫(yī)療等直接成本和因為照顧嬰幼兒而產(chǎn)生的機會成本,都成為生育子女的障礙。生育率降低的動力在不斷發(fā)揮作用,生育率回升到一個合適水平越來越困難。因而,促進生育水平保持一個適度水平便成為一個需要研究解決的問題。本文基于這一背景,展開對育兒成本及其決定因素分析,以期為破解這一難題提供一些支撐。本研究運用2014年中國計劃生育家庭發(fā)展追蹤調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù),對河北省0-5歲兒童家庭養(yǎng)育成本研究進行統(tǒng)計學分析。首先,筆者對直接成本和間接成本進行描述性分析得出:直接成本中,食品支出是最主要的生活支出,生活總支出隨兒童的年齡先上升后下降;教育支出隨兒童的年齡增長而遞增,并且城鄉(xiāng)差異顯著;醫(yī)療花費中農(nóng)村兒童住院負擔更重。間接成本中,有三分之一的兒童由(外)祖父母單獨照料;陪伴時間次之,對撫養(yǎng)成本的影響也很大。通過卡方檢驗,兒童養(yǎng)育成本中的直接成本與間接成本存在顯著性差異,且城市大與農(nóng)村。其次,筆者運用線性回歸統(tǒng)計分析方法,對養(yǎng)育孩子總成本和直接成本中的生活支出、教育支出和醫(yī)療花費的影響因素分別進行了檢驗。結果發(fā)現(xiàn):(1)養(yǎng)育孩子的總花費城鄉(xiāng)差異顯著,城市一年的總費用是農(nóng)村的兩倍,并且城市兒童總花費在家庭總支出占比更高。兒童總花費的總體趨勢是上升的,即兒童年齡越大,一年總花費的費用越高,五歲兒童的總花費最高。(2)樣本點類型、家庭戶第一位接受調(diào)查者的教育程度、全年總收入、是否為留守兒童和孩子年齡等五個變量對兒童總花費的影響顯著。這五個自變量中只有是否為留守兒童這一變量對兒童總花費是負向影響,其余均為正向影響。在以上定量研究的基礎上,筆者提出加強基層組織的宣傳和引導作用、完善社會保障體制,加大兒童醫(yī)療保障力度、完善我國勞動力市場制度,為育兒提供彈性工作機制、加強基礎教育建設,提升兒童教育質(zhì)量和推進精準扶貧,提高貧困家庭兒童撫育能力等相關建議。
[Abstract]:In October 2015, the Fifth Plenary session of the 18 CPC Central Committee decided to implement a comprehensive two-child policy, which was another major adjustment of the one-child policy. However, the policy has been implemented so far. It didn't work as expected. According to some scholars, the main reasons for this are the direct costs of child-rearing, education, medical care, and the opportunity costs associated with taking care of infants and young children. It's becoming a barrier to having children. The driving force of fertility decline is working, and it's getting harder and harder to get back to the right level. It is necessary to study and solve the problem of promoting fertility to maintain a moderate level. Based on this background, this paper analyzes the cost of childcare and its determinants. The purpose of this study is to provide some support for solving this problem. This study uses the data of Chinese Family Planning Family Development tracking Survey in 2014 to conduct a statistical analysis on the family rearing costs of children aged 0-5 in Hebei Province. Through the descriptive analysis of direct and indirect costs, it is concluded that the direct cost of food is the most important living expenses, the total living expenses increase first and then decrease with the age of children, and the expenditure on education increases with the age of children. And the difference between urban and rural areas is significant; the hospitalization burden of rural children in medical expenses is heavier. Of the indirect costs, 1/3 of the children are taken care of by their grandparents alone; the second is the time of company, which also has a great impact on the cost of maintenance. There is significant difference between direct cost and indirect cost in child rearing cost, and there are significant differences between urban and rural areas. Secondly, the author uses linear regression statistical analysis method to analyze the living expenses of total and direct cost of child rearing. The influencing factors of education and medical expenses were tested. The results showed that the total cost of raising children was significantly different between urban and rural areas, and the total cost in urban areas was twice that in rural areas. The overall trend of children's total expenditure is rising, that is, the older the children, the higher the total cost of one year, and the highest total expenditure of five-year-old children. The education level of the first household survey, the total income of the whole year, Whether the left behind children and their age have a significant effect on the total cost of children. Only whether the children are left behind has a negative effect on the total cost of children. On the basis of the above quantitative research, the author proposes to strengthen the propaganda and guidance role of grass-roots organizations, to perfect the social security system, to increase the strength of medical security for children, and to perfect the labor market system of our country. To provide flexible working mechanism for childcare, to strengthen the construction of basic education, to improve the quality of children's education and to promote the precision of poverty alleviation, and to improve the ability of raising children in poor families, and so on.
【學位授予單位】：河北大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：C913.5

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