本文關(guān)鍵詞： 宋代 東南地區(qū) 鄉(xiāng)村商品經(jīng)濟 鄉(xiāng)村治理　出處：《云南大學(xué)》2012年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：宋代東南鄉(xiāng)村經(jīng)濟變遷指鄉(xiāng)村商品經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展,其變遷根源于土地制度的變革,宋代土地私有制確立,土地經(jīng)營制上租佃制取代自耕制,由于地權(quán)關(guān)系的深刻變化,租佃制度成為鄉(xiāng)村農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)營的主導(dǎo)方式,租佃制度是有效率的土地經(jīng)營制度,推動了鄉(xiāng)村商品經(jīng)濟的迅速成長,出現(xiàn)了農(nóng)產(chǎn)品商品化及商品性生產(chǎn)的潮流。糧食商品化,成為大宗農(nóng)業(yè)商品,茶葉、果木、養(yǎng)殖、蠶桑副業(yè)等商品性生產(chǎn)獲得了前所未有的發(fā)展。隨著鄉(xiāng)村商品經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展,造成了諸多新的社會矛盾,表現(xiàn)為貧富分化、對立加劇,賦役口趨不均,社會流動增強,道德失范突出等狀況,貧富分化和對立是其集中表現(xiàn),鄉(xiāng)村財富流溢的同時面臨秩序重建的問題。對此,國家和社會力量從不同層面進行了調(diào)整和治理,國家層面的調(diào)整治理的措施主要有“限田”和“賦稅”改革措施；地方基層官員則通過勸農(nóng)活動,對農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)和租佃關(guān)系進行協(xié)調(diào)；但其治理措施總體上敗多成少。社會力量起而彌補國家治理的不足,“富民”地主階層參與鄉(xiāng)村治理,主要是在國家救荒中充當主角,起到了相當?shù)膮f(xié)調(diào)作用；宋代民間更發(fā)展出“義田”、“義役、“社倉”等血緣性、地緣性經(jīng)濟合作互助組織,這些經(jīng)濟組織的產(chǎn)權(quán)性質(zhì),本質(zhì)上都是小集體公共產(chǎn)權(quán)屬性,宋代民眾希望借重其公共產(chǎn)權(quán)關(guān)系之上所凝集的社會力量,來解決和對抗私人產(chǎn)權(quán)關(guān)系帶來的弊端和問題,這些民間經(jīng)濟互助組織也發(fā)揮了一定的調(diào)節(jié)作用,使宋代鄉(xiāng)村的經(jīng)濟社會秩序一定程度上得以修補,但國家的不當干預(yù)及富有階層存在的階級局限性,使其秩序重建難以逃脫“良法美意,歲久生弊”的歷史命運,宋代鄉(xiāng)村社會在富裕和不安定的兩極搖擺中逐漸落幕。值得注意的是宋代社會力量參與鄉(xiāng)村治理和秩序重建,都足在國家引導(dǎo)和管理的前提下進行的,還難以達到“自治”的程度。國家的管理和引導(dǎo)的得當與否是社會力量參與秩序重建,發(fā)揮有效作用的關(guān)鍵,對富裕階層參與救荒,往往要國家強制力的干預(yù)才能實現(xiàn),而對民間自發(fā)形成的經(jīng)濟互助組織,則國家反而要尊重其自主性,保障其小集體產(chǎn)權(quán)的完整性和獨立性才能使其發(fā)揮效能。
[Abstract]:The change of rural economy in the southeast of Song Dynasty refers to the development of rural commodity economy. Its vicissitude is rooted in the change of land system. The private ownership of land was established in Song Dynasty, and the tenancy system replaced the self-tillage system in the land management system. Because of the profound change of the land right relationship, the tenancy system has become the dominant mode of rural agricultural management, and the tenancy system is an efficient land management system, which has promoted the rapid growth of the rural commodity economy. There appeared the trend of commercialization and commodity production of agricultural products. The commercialization of grain became a major agricultural commodity, tea, fruit and wood, and aquaculture. With the development of rural commodity economy, it has caused many new social contradictions, such as the polarization between the rich and the poor, the aggravation of the opposition, and the unevenness of the tax service. The social mobility is strengthened, the moral is out of order and so on, the polarization between the rich and the poor and the opposites are its concentrated performance, and the rural wealth is overflowing and facing the problem of the reconstruction of order at the same time. The national and social forces have carried on the adjustment and the governance from the different level, the adjustment and governance measures of the national level mainly include "limited farmland" and "tax" reform measures; The local grassroots officials coordinated the relationship between agricultural production and tenancy through persuading agricultural activities; But on the whole, the measures of governance are more and less. The social forces make up for the deficiency of national governance, and the "rich people" landlords participate in rural governance, mainly acting as the protagonists in the national famine relief, which plays a coordinating role; In the Song Dynasty, the folk developed "Yidan", "Yijun", "social warehouse" and other consanguinity, geographical economic cooperation and mutual aid organizations, the property rights of these economic organizations, in essence, are the attributes of small collective public property rights. The people of Song Dynasty hope to use their social power which is agglomerated on the relation of public property right to solve and confront the malpractice and problems brought about by the relation of private property right, and these folk economic mutual aid organizations have also played a regulating role. To some extent, the rural economic and social order of the Song Dynasty can be repaired, but the improper intervention of the state and the class limitations of the rich class make it difficult to escape the "good law and beauty" in the reconstruction of the order. The historical fate of "long years of malpractice", the Song Dynasty rural society in the wealth and instability of the bipolar swing gradually ended, it is worth noting that the Song Dynasty social forces to participate in rural governance and order reconstruction. It is difficult to achieve the degree of "autonomy" under the premise of the guidance and management of the state. Whether the management and guidance of the state is proper or not is the key for social forces to participate in the reconstruction of order and play an effective role. For rich people to participate in famine relief, it is often necessary for the state to intervene in a coercive way, while the state should respect the autonomy of the economic mutual aid organizations formed spontaneously by the people. Only by safeguarding the integrity and independence of its small collective property rights can it exert its effectiveness.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：云南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：K244;C912.82

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