基于典型扶貧項(xiàng)目考察的貧困救助對策研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2019-05-16 00:54
【摘要】：貧困是世界各國面臨的共同挑戰(zhàn)。我國是世界上人口第一大國,長期飽受農(nóng)村貧困問題的困擾。改革開放以來,通過體制改革和制度創(chuàng)新,我國農(nóng)村反貧困取得了輝煌的成就。截止2014年,農(nóng)村貧困人口還有7017萬,主要分布在14個(gè)集中連片特困區(qū)。2013年,政府提出"精準(zhǔn)扶貧"戰(zhàn)略,宣布要在2020年使現(xiàn)有貧困人口全部脫貧,從而消除絕對貧困。因此,分析當(dāng)前我國扶貧領(lǐng)域存在的問題并針對性地給出提高扶貧成效的建議,具有重要的理論和現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。本文選擇東西扶貧協(xié)作中閩寧協(xié)作項(xiàng)目、貧困農(nóng)村社區(qū)發(fā)展項(xiàng)目和清華教育扶貧項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行對比分析。東西扶貧協(xié)作是我國政府基于東西地區(qū)發(fā)展極不平衡的狀況而采取的有中國特色的貧困治理模式。此模式體現(xiàn)了我國在扶貧開發(fā)領(lǐng)域的創(chuàng)新性和獨(dú)特性,同時(shí),其在實(shí)施過程中顯露的問題,更是普遍存在于當(dāng)前自上而下的項(xiàng)目扶貧開發(fā)方式中。本文研究發(fā)現(xiàn),閩寧扶貧協(xié)作在實(shí)施過程中的主要問題是缺乏制度保障、貧困人口的識別排斥和項(xiàng)目排斥。精準(zhǔn)扶貧戰(zhàn)略的前提就是要精確識別人口,消除貧困人口的排斥問題。貧困農(nóng)村社區(qū)發(fā)展項(xiàng)目全程采用參與式扶貧方式,致力于幫助最貧困、最偏遠(yuǎn)的村民和殘疾群眾。參與式方式由國際扶貧項(xiàng)目引進(jìn)我國,其核心在于政府向貧困農(nóng)民"賦權(quán)",進(jìn)而保證農(nóng)民參與項(xiàng)目的規(guī)劃、實(shí)施和監(jiān)督管理過程。分析表明,參與式扶貧方式可以有效識別最貧困人口,并顯著提高其收入水平。但是其所需人力物力更多,對當(dāng)?shù)卣鲐毠ぷ魅藛T的要求更高,在實(shí)際實(shí)施過程中還存在許多問題。其中,貧困農(nóng)民思想落后、參與意識不夠、知識水平不高是影響參與式扶貧方式發(fā)揮最大扶貧成效的重要因素。教育扶貧可以阻斷貧困代際傳遞,可以說是最根本的扶貧措施。本文通過梳理我國教育扶貧現(xiàn)狀發(fā)現(xiàn),我國的教育扶貧在理論研究和實(shí)踐方面都嚴(yán)重落后于貧困地區(qū)對教育的迫切需求。近年來,雖然政府和社會在教育扶貧領(lǐng)域做了大量努力,以清華大學(xué)為代表的高校依據(jù)自身優(yōu)勢開展了富有成效的教育扶貧探索,但是由于資金長期投入不足,西部貧困地區(qū)的文盲率遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于全國平均水平,教育硬件設(shè)施落后,師資力量不足。基于以上分析,本文建議全面推廣參與式扶貧方式來精確識別貧困人口并建立動態(tài)管理機(jī)制。繼續(xù)堅(jiān)持并加強(qiáng)東西扶貧協(xié)作,從制度上保障政府間資源的橫向轉(zhuǎn)移。繼續(xù)加大農(nóng)村教育和醫(yī)療的資金投入,并健全當(dāng)前農(nóng)村社會保障體系。
[Abstract]:Poverty is a common challenge facing all countries in the world. China is the most populous country in the world, suffering from the problem of rural poverty for a long time. Since the reform and opening up, through system reform and institutional innovation, China's rural anti-poverty has made brilliant achievements. As of 2014, there are still 70.17 million poor people in rural areas, mainly distributed in 14 concentrated special hardship areas. In 2013, the government put forward the strategy of "precision poverty alleviation", announcing that it will lift all the existing poor people out of poverty by 2020, thereby eliminating absolute poverty. Therefore, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to analyze the existing problems in the field of poverty alleviation in China and give some suggestions to improve the effectiveness of poverty alleviation. This paper selects the East-West Poverty Alleviation Cooperation Project, the Poor Rural Community Development Project and the Tsinghua Education Poverty Alleviation Project for comparative analysis. East-West Poverty Alleviation Cooperation is a poverty control model with Chinese characteristics adopted by the Chinese government based on the unbalanced development of the East-West region. This model reflects the innovation and uniqueness of our country in the field of poverty alleviation and development, and at the same time, the problems exposed in the process of implementation generally exist in the current top-down project poverty alleviation and development mode. In this paper, it is found that the main problems in the implementation of poverty alleviation and cooperation in Fujian and Ningxia are the lack of institutional guarantee, the identification and exclusion of the poor population and the exclusion of projects. The premise of accurate poverty alleviation strategy is to accurately identify the population and eliminate the exclusion of the poor. The poor rural community development project adopts a participatory approach to poverty alleviation and is committed to helping the poorest and most remote villagers and people with disabilities. The core of the participatory approach introduced into China by the international poverty alleviation project lies in the "empowerment" of the government to the poor farmers, so as to ensure the farmers to participate in the planning, implementation and supervision of the project. The analysis shows that the participatory poverty alleviation method can effectively identify the poorest people and significantly improve their income level. However, it needs more manpower and material resources, and requires more local government staff to help the poor, and there are still many problems in the actual implementation process. Among them, the backward thought of poor farmers, the lack of participation consciousness and the low level of knowledge are the important factors that affect the maximum effectiveness of poverty alleviation in the way of participating in poverty alleviation. Education poverty alleviation can block the intergenerational transmission of poverty, which can be said to be the most fundamental poverty alleviation measures. By combing the present situation of education poverty alleviation in our country, it is found that the theoretical research and practice of education poverty alleviation in our country lag behind the urgent demand for education in poor areas. In recent years, although the government and society have made a lot of efforts in the field of education poverty alleviation, colleges and universities represented by Tsinghua University have carried out fruitful exploration of education poverty alleviation according to their own advantages, but due to the lack of investment in funds for a long time, The illiteracy rate in the poor areas of western China is much higher than the national average, the educational hardware facilities are backward, and the teachers are insufficient. Based on the above analysis, this paper suggests to promote the participation of poverty alleviation in an all-round way to accurately identify the poor and establish a dynamic management mechanism. We will continue to adhere to and strengthen cooperation between poverty alleviation and poverty alleviation between the East and the West, and systematically ensure the horizontal transfer of intergovernmental resources. We will continue to increase investment in rural education and medical care, and improve the current rural social security system.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：D632.1
本文編號：2477895
[Abstract]:Poverty is a common challenge facing all countries in the world. China is the most populous country in the world, suffering from the problem of rural poverty for a long time. Since the reform and opening up, through system reform and institutional innovation, China's rural anti-poverty has made brilliant achievements. As of 2014, there are still 70.17 million poor people in rural areas, mainly distributed in 14 concentrated special hardship areas. In 2013, the government put forward the strategy of "precision poverty alleviation", announcing that it will lift all the existing poor people out of poverty by 2020, thereby eliminating absolute poverty. Therefore, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to analyze the existing problems in the field of poverty alleviation in China and give some suggestions to improve the effectiveness of poverty alleviation. This paper selects the East-West Poverty Alleviation Cooperation Project, the Poor Rural Community Development Project and the Tsinghua Education Poverty Alleviation Project for comparative analysis. East-West Poverty Alleviation Cooperation is a poverty control model with Chinese characteristics adopted by the Chinese government based on the unbalanced development of the East-West region. This model reflects the innovation and uniqueness of our country in the field of poverty alleviation and development, and at the same time, the problems exposed in the process of implementation generally exist in the current top-down project poverty alleviation and development mode. In this paper, it is found that the main problems in the implementation of poverty alleviation and cooperation in Fujian and Ningxia are the lack of institutional guarantee, the identification and exclusion of the poor population and the exclusion of projects. The premise of accurate poverty alleviation strategy is to accurately identify the population and eliminate the exclusion of the poor. The poor rural community development project adopts a participatory approach to poverty alleviation and is committed to helping the poorest and most remote villagers and people with disabilities. The core of the participatory approach introduced into China by the international poverty alleviation project lies in the "empowerment" of the government to the poor farmers, so as to ensure the farmers to participate in the planning, implementation and supervision of the project. The analysis shows that the participatory poverty alleviation method can effectively identify the poorest people and significantly improve their income level. However, it needs more manpower and material resources, and requires more local government staff to help the poor, and there are still many problems in the actual implementation process. Among them, the backward thought of poor farmers, the lack of participation consciousness and the low level of knowledge are the important factors that affect the maximum effectiveness of poverty alleviation in the way of participating in poverty alleviation. Education poverty alleviation can block the intergenerational transmission of poverty, which can be said to be the most fundamental poverty alleviation measures. By combing the present situation of education poverty alleviation in our country, it is found that the theoretical research and practice of education poverty alleviation in our country lag behind the urgent demand for education in poor areas. In recent years, although the government and society have made a lot of efforts in the field of education poverty alleviation, colleges and universities represented by Tsinghua University have carried out fruitful exploration of education poverty alleviation according to their own advantages, but due to the lack of investment in funds for a long time, The illiteracy rate in the poor areas of western China is much higher than the national average, the educational hardware facilities are backward, and the teachers are insufficient. Based on the above analysis, this paper suggests to promote the participation of poverty alleviation in an all-round way to accurately identify the poor and establish a dynamic management mechanism. We will continue to adhere to and strengthen cooperation between poverty alleviation and poverty alleviation between the East and the West, and systematically ensure the horizontal transfer of intergovernmental resources. We will continue to increase investment in rural education and medical care, and improve the current rural social security system.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：D632.1
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