【摘要】：近年來,隨著城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程的加快,農(nóng)村勞動力大量流失的現(xiàn)象愈發(fā)普遍,由此造成了農(nóng)村傳統(tǒng)耕作勞動的衰落和土地資源的浪費(fèi)。為了提高對農(nóng)村土地資源的利用效率,政府鼓勵農(nóng)民通過多種形式進(jìn)行土地流轉(zhuǎn),但是實施效果并不明顯,農(nóng)村土地撂荒的現(xiàn)象并沒有得到有效解決。單純依靠土地流轉(zhuǎn)不足以解決農(nóng)村土地拋荒問題。因此,政府積極探索建立土地承包權(quán)退出機(jī)制,鼓勵有條件的農(nóng)民自愿退出。土地是農(nóng)民生存的重要保障,讓農(nóng)民退出土地進(jìn)城發(fā)展,會使農(nóng)民面臨諸多不穩(wěn)定因素。為避免農(nóng)民因為放棄土地承包權(quán)而遭遇風(fēng)險,讓農(nóng)民安心進(jìn)城退地,有必要構(gòu)建土地承包權(quán)退出風(fēng)險防范制度。本文以“三權(quán)分置”的土地改革為背景,從土地承包權(quán)的含義入手,分析了農(nóng)民退出土地承包權(quán)后可能面臨的風(fēng)險以及風(fēng)險形成的原因。通過研究現(xiàn)階段土地承包權(quán)退出風(fēng)險防范措施的缺陷,探討土地承包權(quán)退出風(fēng)險防范制度的構(gòu)建問題。第一部分是土地承包權(quán)退出的概念界定。本部分首先將土地承包權(quán)界定為農(nóng)民作為農(nóng)村集體經(jīng)濟(jì)組織成員而享有的承包集體土地的權(quán)利,其屬于農(nóng)村集體經(jīng)濟(jì)組織成員權(quán)利中的一部分,具有身份性。在此基礎(chǔ)上指出,土地承包權(quán)退出是農(nóng)民自愿、有償放棄承包本集體土地的權(quán)利,并將承包地退還給集體經(jīng)濟(jì)組織,并且其后代子女也不再享有承包本集體土地的權(quán)利。第二部分是土地承包權(quán)退出的風(fēng)險及成因。本部分以農(nóng)民利益保護(hù)為視角,分析了農(nóng)民退出土地承包權(quán)后可能遇到政策變動、失業(yè)和生存的風(fēng)險。并指出,這些風(fēng)險產(chǎn)生的原因主要是由于土地退出方面的立法滯后,農(nóng)村社會保障制度不健全以及土地退出補(bǔ)償機(jī)制不合理。第三部分是土地承包權(quán)退出風(fēng)險防范的現(xiàn)狀與缺陷。本部分以全國統(tǒng)籌城鄉(xiāng)綜合配套改革試驗區(qū)的實踐探索為依據(jù),分析了目前土地承包權(quán)退出風(fēng)險的主要防范制度——退出有償化。這種防范退出風(fēng)險的思路是有益的,但卻存在退出補(bǔ)償標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏低、退出配套制度缺乏等問題,不利于徹底消除農(nóng)民退出土地承包權(quán)的顧慮。第四部分是土地承包權(quán)退出風(fēng)險防范制度的構(gòu)建。本部分通過對土地承包權(quán)有償退出制度的現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行分析。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),若想徹底防范農(nóng)民退出土地承包權(quán)的風(fēng)險,除提高對退出農(nóng)民的補(bǔ)償標(biāo)準(zhǔn)外,還應(yīng)提供靈活的多元補(bǔ)償方式。并為退地農(nóng)民提供養(yǎng)老、醫(yī)療、就業(yè)等方面的社會保障。同時還應(yīng)建立保證退地政策貫徹落實的監(jiān)督制度。
[Abstract]:In recent years, with the acceleration of urbanization, the phenomenon of mass loss of rural labor force is becoming more and more common, resulting in the decline of rural traditional farming labor and the waste of land resources. In order to improve the utilization efficiency of rural land resources, the government encourages farmers to carry on the land circulation through various forms, but the implementation effect is not obvious, the phenomenon of rural land abandonment has not been effectively solved. Relying solely on land circulation is not enough to solve the problem of land abandonment in rural areas. Therefore, the government actively explores the establishment of land contract right withdrawal mechanism to encourage conditional farmers to withdraw voluntarily. Land is an important guarantee for farmers to survive. In order to avoid the risk for farmers to give up the right of land contract, and to make farmers feel at ease to go back to the city, it is necessary to construct the system of preventing the risk of withdrawing from the right of land contract. Based on the land reform of "three rights divided" and the meaning of land contract right, this paper analyzes the risks that farmers may face after withdrawing from land contract right and the reasons for the formation of risk. By studying the defects of the risk prevention measures of land contract right withdrawal at present, this paper probes into the construction of land contract right exit risk prevention system. The first part is the definition of land contract right withdrawal. Firstly, this part defines the land contract right as the right of peasants as a member of rural collective economic organizations to contract collective land, which is a part of the rights of members of rural collective economic organizations, and has identity. On this basis, it is pointed out that the withdrawal of land contract right is the right of peasants to voluntarily give up the contracted collective land and return the contracted land to the collective economic organizations, and the children of their descendants will no longer enjoy the right to contract the collective land. The second part is the risk and cause of land contract right withdrawal. From the perspective of the protection of farmers' interests, this part analyzes the risks of policy changes, unemployment and survival after farmers withdraw from the land contract right. It is pointed out that the causes of these risks are mainly due to the lag of legislation on land withdrawal, the unsound social security system in rural areas and the unreasonable compensation mechanism for land withdrawal. The third part is the current situation and defects of land contract right withdrawal risk prevention. Based on the practice and exploration of the comprehensive reform of urban and rural areas in China, this part analyzes the main system of preventing the risk of the withdrawal of the right of land contract, that is, the compensation of withdrawal. This idea of preventing the risk of withdrawal is beneficial, but there are some problems such as low standard of compensation for withdrawal and lack of supporting system, which is not conducive to thoroughly eliminating the concern of farmers withdrawing from land contract right. The fourth part is the construction of land contract right withdrawal risk prevention system. This part carries on the analysis to the current situation of the land contract right paid withdrawal system. It is found that if we want to guard against the risk of farmers withdrawing from land contract right, we should provide flexible and multivariate compensation methods besides raising the compensation standard for withdrawing farmers. And for the return of farmers to provide old-age, medical care, employment and other aspects of social security. At the same time, we should also establish a supervisory system to ensure the implementation of the policy.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D922.32

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