本文選題：水源地保護區(qū) + 生態(tài)補償�。� 參考：《山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：水源地保護區(qū)是國家對水源地加以特殊保護而劃定的區(qū)域,其設(shè)立可以保護和改善水源地的生態(tài)環(huán)境,緩解由于經(jīng)濟的高增長帶來的一系列環(huán)境污染問題,保障用水安全,從而促進經(jīng)濟社會全面協(xié)調(diào)可持續(xù)發(fā)展。雖然保護區(qū)的建立在一定程度上保障了用水安全,但是也存在諸多隱患,其中最重要的問題之一是如何解決保護區(qū)內(nèi)居民的生存與生態(tài)問題。建立生態(tài)補償制度是解決水源地保護區(qū)所面臨的生存和保護問題的有效途徑,是下一步生態(tài)文明建設(shè)的重點,同時也是建立和完善我國流域生態(tài)補償機制的核心內(nèi)容,并且已經(jīng)成為我國保護流域水資源生態(tài)安全和解決經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展失衡的問題的重要手段和迫切需要。本文根據(jù)特別犧牲理論和利益相關(guān)者理論,從減少生態(tài)環(huán)境破壞的角度,分別探討了水源地保護區(qū)土地利用者、企業(yè)和居民的補償范圍、補償標準和補償方式。主要研究內(nèi)容包括:(1)水源地保護區(qū)生態(tài)補償?shù)恼{(diào)查分析。保護區(qū)的設(shè)立必然會對當?shù)鼐用竦纳a(chǎn)、生活及社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展帶來一定影響。為了更好地解決“誰補償誰、補償多少、如何補償”問題,本文利用條件價值評估法設(shè)計了調(diào)查問卷,選取山東等省的12個地市的水源地保護區(qū)進行了實地調(diào)查,得到了處于一級、二級和準保護區(qū)的有效問卷645份,并針對當?shù)鼐用駥ΡＷo區(qū)的認知、生態(tài)補償現(xiàn)狀以及對現(xiàn)有生態(tài)補償?shù)臐M意度等方面進行了分析。通過分析發(fā)現(xiàn),水源地保護區(qū)居民對保護區(qū)的設(shè)立和生態(tài)環(huán)境保護具有良好的認知;當前的生態(tài)補償覆蓋面主要涉及一級保護區(qū);大多數(shù)當?shù)鼐用駥ΜF(xiàn)有補償標準不滿意,通過建立回歸模型發(fā)現(xiàn),被調(diào)查者的年齡、家庭年收入、所處保護區(qū)類型以及補償標準對生態(tài)補償滿意度的影響高度顯著。(2)界定水源地保護區(qū)生態(tài)補償主客體及補償范圍。首先對水源地保護區(qū)生態(tài)補償中的利益相關(guān)者及其利益訴求進行了識別和分析,并通過建立博弈模型,進一步分析了各利益相關(guān)主體的行為選擇。在此基礎(chǔ)上,分別從土地利用、經(jīng)營企業(yè)和居民生活三個方面對其補償范圍進行了界定。由于對水源地保護區(qū)的土地利用管制,是基于增加公共利益而設(shè)定的,因此如果這種土地利用管制造成區(qū)內(nèi)的土地所有權(quán)人需承受超出一般的社會責任而形成了損害,則需補償,反之則不需補償;對于保護區(qū)內(nèi)的企業(yè)來說,為了保護生態(tài)環(huán)境,企業(yè)需要搬遷、關(guān)閉或轉(zhuǎn)產(chǎn)限產(chǎn),這些對于企業(yè)的限制行為造成了企業(yè)效益下降,需要進行補償;對于保護區(qū)的居民來說,分為生態(tài)移民和生活受限居民,應(yīng)該按照其所受限制的類型,確定需要完全補償還是適當補償。(3)水源地保護區(qū)生態(tài)補償標準的核算。補償標準的核算是生態(tài)補償?shù)碾y點和重點,在明確了補償范圍之后,針對禁止利用、限制土地利用和改變土地利用這三種情況下的補償標準分別進行了測算。禁止土地利用需要政府與土地所有者就產(chǎn)權(quán)進行補償,其補償標準由兩種方式形成:一是由第三方對土地價值進行評估所形成的標準,二是參照同類土地市場價格;限制土地利用要根據(jù)其受限程度的不同確定土地受限補償系數(shù),每年的補償金額可以利用土地現(xiàn)值、土地面積和土地受限補償系數(shù)來計算;改變土地利用要綜合考慮土地利用方式改變后產(chǎn)出的減少、經(jīng)營方式的改變、設(shè)施的增加等經(jīng)濟損失,以及失業(yè)損失、轉(zhuǎn)型損失等非經(jīng)濟損失,對此進行綜合評估后形成補償標準。對于搬遷(或關(guān)閉)企業(yè)的補償,按照其資產(chǎn)評估價格進行補償;對于生產(chǎn)限制的企業(yè),其補償標準確定要綜合考量企業(yè)規(guī)模、行業(yè)以及受限程度等,確定補償系數(shù);對于轉(zhuǎn)產(chǎn)企業(yè),要綜合考慮轉(zhuǎn)產(chǎn)成本、機會成本等經(jīng)濟損失以及失業(yè)、行業(yè)風險等非經(jīng)濟損失,進行綜合評估后形成補償標準。對于生態(tài)移民的補償標準要綜合參照移入地的居住、生活標準以及移出地的收入水平和生活水平來確定;對于生活受限居民的生態(tài)補償包括生活方式改變、就業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)業(yè)訓練及輔導(dǎo)等無形補償,以及控制非點源污染的設(shè)施建設(shè)等有形補償。論文還以云蒙湖為例,對其保護區(qū)范圍內(nèi)的被征收耕地的生態(tài)補償標準進行了估算。通過估算得出,2010年云蒙湖水庫耕地的總價值為29.05萬元/畝,其中耕地社會保障價值為19.29萬元/畝,接近經(jīng)濟價值的2倍,超過征地補償總額的一半(約占土地總補償額度的66.4%),這說明現(xiàn)行征地補償標準雖然兼顧了土地補償費、安置補助費等補償,但是補償標準過低,并未包含耕地所承載的巨大社會保障價值。(4)水源地保護區(qū)生態(tài)補償方式的選擇。不同的利益主體,其適合的生態(tài)補償方式也會有所不同。本文分別對土地利用、經(jīng)營企業(yè)和居民生活三種情況的補償方式進行了分析。針對土地利用管制情況下的生態(tài)補償方式,可以選擇土地收儲和發(fā)展權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)移補償方式。對于需要搬遷或關(guān)閉企業(yè),可采用資金補償?shù)姆绞揭约巴恋刂脫Q的方式,支持和鼓勵企業(yè)搬離水源地,以尋求更大的發(fā)展空間;對于限產(chǎn)及轉(zhuǎn)產(chǎn)的企業(yè),政府可以采用稅收優(yōu)惠、土地利用優(yōu)惠等政策措施,間接地對企業(yè)進行補償。對于遷出水源地保護區(qū)的生態(tài)移民,可采用資金補償?shù)姆绞?對于水源地保護區(qū)的居民,可在教育、生活等方面采用智力培訓、就業(yè)培訓等形式,幫助其提高就業(yè)能力。(5)水源地保護區(qū)生態(tài)補償?shù)谋Ｕ蠙C制。論文從立法保障、資金籌集和協(xié)調(diào)管理三個方面,分別探討了建立和完善水源地保護區(qū)生態(tài)補償?shù)谋Ｕ蠙C制。建立水源地保護區(qū)生態(tài)補償制度,首先要有立法保障,需要在法律框架下,明確水源地保護區(qū)生態(tài)補償原則、主體、標準、內(nèi)容、利益相關(guān)方的權(quán)責、補償金的利用和管理等,以此作為水源地保護區(qū)利益相關(guān)者的生態(tài)補償法律依據(jù);在資金籌集方面,可以從地方資金預(yù)算、上級財政補貼、受益者付費課取稅捐、水源地經(jīng)營收入以及社會捐贈等渠道籌集;在部門協(xié)調(diào)方面,要建立專門的水源地保護區(qū)生態(tài)補償協(xié)調(diào)機構(gòu),以保障水源地生態(tài)補償目標的實現(xiàn)。
[Abstract]:The protection area of the water source area is a region designated by the state for the special protection of the water source area. Its establishment can protect and improve the ecological environment of the water source area, alleviate a series of environmental pollution problems caused by the high economic growth and ensure the safety of water, thus promote the comprehensive and sustainable development of the economy and society. In a certain degree, water safety is guaranteed, but there are many hidden dangers. One of the most important problems is how to solve the problem of survival and ecology of the residents in the protected area. It is the core content of establishing and perfecting the ecological compensation mechanism of China's basin, and has become an important means and urgent need to protect the ecological security of water resources in the basin and to solve the imbalance of economic and social development. This paper, based on the theory of special sacrifice and stakeholder theory, discusses the aspects of reducing the destruction of the ecological environment. The compensation range, compensation standard and compensation mode of the landholders, enterprises and residents in the protection area of the water source are discussed. The main contents include: (1) the investigation and analysis of the ecological compensation in the protection area of the water source area. The establishment of the protected area will inevitably affect the production, life and social and economic development of the local residents. In this paper, we designed a questionnaire with the method of conditional value assessment, selected 12 cities and cities in Shandong and other provinces to carry out a field survey, and got 645 valid questionnaires in the first class, the two level and the quasi protected areas, and aimed at the local residents' cognition to the protection area and the ecological compensation status. And the satisfaction of the existing ecological compensation is analyzed. Through the analysis, it is found that the residents of the water source protection area have a good understanding of the protection area and the protection of the ecological environment; the current ecological compensation coverage mainly involves the first level protection area; most of the local people are not satisfied with the existing compensation standards, through the establishment of regression. The model found that the age of the respondents, the annual income of the family, the types of protected areas and the compensation standards have a significant impact on the satisfaction of ecological compensation. (2) to define the subject and object of ecological compensation in the water source protection area and the scope of compensation. First, the stakeholders and their interests in the ecological compensation of the water source protection area are identified and divided. Analysis, and through the establishment of a game model, further analysis of the behavior of the stakeholders of the selection. On this basis, the scope of compensation is defined from three aspects of land use, business enterprise and resident life. The control of land use in the water source protection area is based on increasing public interest, so if it is to increase the public interest, Such land use control causes damage to the owners of land owners in the region beyond general social responsibility, which requires compensation and vice versa; for enterprises in the protected areas, in order to protect the ecological environment, enterprises need to be relocated, closed or reproduced to limit production, which have caused enterprise efficiency to the enterprise's restrictive behavior. As for the residents of the protected areas, the residents of the protected areas should be divided into ecological migration and living limited residents, which should be determined in accordance with the types of their restrictions. (3) the accounting of the ecological compensation standard for the protection area of the water source area. The accounting of the compensation standard is the difficulty and key of the ecological compensation. After the compensation range, the compensation standards under the three circumstances, such as the prohibition of land use and the change of land use, are calculated. The prohibition of land use is required by the government and the landowners to compensate for the property rights. The compensation standard is formed in two ways: one is the standard formed by the assessment of the land value by the third party. Two is to refer to the price of the same kind of land market; limit land use to determine the compensation coefficient of land limitation according to the different degree of limitation. The annual compensation amount can be calculated using the present value of the land, the land area and the compensation coefficient of the land limitation; the change of land use should be taken into consideration to reduce the output after the land use change. The changes in the way, the increase of the facilities and other economic losses, as well as the loss of unemployment, the loss of the transformation, and other non economic losses, form a compensation standard after a comprehensive assessment. Compensation for the relocation or closure of the enterprise is made in accordance with the valuation price of its assets; for the enterprises of the production limit, the compensation standard is determined to take a comprehensive consideration of the scale of the enterprise, The compensation coefficient is determined by the industry and the degree of limitation. For the transfer enterprises, the compensation standards should be formed after comprehensive assessment of non economic losses such as transfer cost, opportunity cost and other economic losses, as well as unemployment, industry risk and other non economic losses. The compensation standard for ecological migration should be based on the living standards of the migratory land, the living standards and the emigration. The income level and the living standard are determined; the ecological compensation for the restricted residents includes the change of life style, the intangible compensation of employment transfer training and guidance, and the construction of the facilities for controlling the non point source pollution. The paper also takes the Yunnan Mongolia Lake as an example to make the ecological compensation standard for the cultivated land in the scope of the protected area. It is estimated that the total value of the arable land of the lake Mun Lake Reservoir in 2010 is 290 thousand and 500 yuan per mu, and the social security value of the cultivated land is 192 thousand and 900 yuan per mu, which is close to 2 times the economic value, more than half of the total compensation for land expropriation (about 66.4% of the total amount of land compensation), which shows that the current compensation standard for land expropriation takes account of the land compensation. Fees, resettlement subsidies and other compensation, but the compensation standard is too low, does not include the great social security value that the cultivated land carries. (4) the choice of ecological compensation in the protection area of the water source area. The different interests of the main body and the suitable ecological compensation methods will be different. This article has three cases of land use, business enterprise and resident life respectively. In view of the ecological compensation mode under the condition of land use control, we can choose the way of land storage and development right transfer compensation. For the need to move or close the enterprise, the way of capital compensation and the way of land replacement can be adopted to support and encourage enterprises to move away from the water source, in order to seek more space for development; For enterprises that limit and transfer production, the government can adopt tax incentives and land use preferential policies and other policies and measures to compensate the enterprises indirectly. For the ecological migrants who have moved out of the protected areas of the water source, the way of capital compensation can be adopted; for the residents of the protection area of the water source area, the intellectual training and employment training can be adopted in the aspects of education and life. And other forms to help them improve their employability. (5) the protection mechanism of ecological compensation in the protection area of water source. From three aspects of legislative guarantee, fund raising and coordination and management, this paper discusses the establishment and improvement of the protection mechanism of ecological compensation in the protection area of water source area. Under the legal framework, the ecological compensation principle of the water source protection area, the main body, the standard, the content, the rights and responsibilities of the stakeholders, the utilization and management of the compensation are used as the legal basis for the ecological compensation of the stakeholders of the protection area of the water source area. In the aspect of fund raising, it can be taken from the local capital budget, the superior financial subsidy and beneficiary Fu Feike. In order to ensure the realization of the ecological compensation target of the water source land, we should establish a special ecological compensation coordination institution for the protection area of the water source land.
【學位授予單位】：山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：TU991.15

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