本文關(guān)鍵詞： 老齡化中的女性化趨勢(shì) 養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度 公平 可持續(xù)　出處：《東北財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)》2016年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：中國(guó)已經(jīng)步入人口老齡化社會(huì),社會(huì)形態(tài)表現(xiàn)為"未富先老"、老年人口規(guī)模大、增長(zhǎng)速度快,在性別結(jié)構(gòu)上,隨著人口老齡化速率的加快,老年人口呈現(xiàn)出女性化結(jié)構(gòu)趨勢(shì)。本文通過(guò)測(cè)算證實(shí),在人口結(jié)構(gòu)方面,截止到2050年,我國(guó)65歲及以上老年人口占總?cè)丝诒戎貫?4.64%,老年撫養(yǎng)比為2.42,在人口性別方面,截止到2050年,60歲及以上老年女性占老年人口總量的54%,80歲及以上老年女性占老年人口總量的59%,未來(lái)幾十年,中國(guó)老年群體的性別比例失衡現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重,老齡化女性化趨勢(shì)明顯。養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度作為社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)的五大險(xiǎn)種之一,承擔(dān)著幫助老年人安度晚年的重要責(zé)任,面臨人口結(jié)構(gòu)變化的壓力,只有保持并推進(jìn)養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度的公平性和可持續(xù)性建設(shè),才能解決未來(lái)一段時(shí)期內(nèi)的養(yǎng)老問(wèn)題,滿足老群體隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)步而日益提高的養(yǎng)老需求,才能為實(shí)現(xiàn)"兩個(gè)百年"的奮斗目標(biāo)創(chuàng)造安定、祥和的社會(huì)環(huán)境,才能貫徹落實(shí)"十三五"規(guī)劃的重要內(nèi)容,早日實(shí)現(xiàn)"全面建成小康社會(huì)"的宏偉目標(biāo)。本文在對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)外相關(guān)研究成果進(jìn)行述評(píng)后,以公平正義理論、可持續(xù)發(fā)展理論、收入再分配理論、帕累托最優(yōu)理論和結(jié)構(gòu)功能理論為理論基礎(chǔ),綜合運(yùn)用規(guī)范分析法、實(shí)證分析法和比較分析法分別對(duì)我國(guó)城鄉(xiāng)居民養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度、企業(yè)職工養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度和機(jī)關(guān)事業(yè)單位職工養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度的實(shí)施現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行了研究和性別差異分析,根據(jù)分析顯示,無(wú)論是在哪一種養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)的制度下,女性都呈現(xiàn)出比男性養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)繳費(fèi)實(shí)力弱、繳費(fèi)時(shí)間短及領(lǐng)取時(shí)間長(zhǎng)的特點(diǎn),直接制約了養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度的公平性和可持續(xù)性建設(shè)。為證實(shí)我國(guó)老齡人口女性化的結(jié)構(gòu)趨勢(shì),本文采取"分要素預(yù)測(cè)法",以2010年中國(guó)的第六次人口普查數(shù)據(jù)為基礎(chǔ),分年齡分性別預(yù)測(cè)了 2011-2050年的人口數(shù)據(jù)并得出以下結(jié)論:第一,中國(guó)60歲及以上老年人口中的女性占比一直保持在50%以上,老年群體中女性的人口總量明顯高于男性;第二,中國(guó)80歲及以上高齡女性占比明顯高于60歲及以上老齡女性占比,其中,60歲及以上女性占比保持在51%-54%,80歲及以上女性占比則保持在57%以上,平均高出6個(gè)百分點(diǎn)左右;第三,在這40年間,中國(guó)老年女性占比具有明顯的上升趨勢(shì),從2010年到2050年,80歲及以上女性占比大約從58%上升至59%,60歲及以上女性占比則從51%左右提高至54%,面臨如此嚴(yán)峻的形勢(shì),老齡化中的女性化趨勢(shì)對(duì)我國(guó)基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度的影響應(yīng)引起足夠重視。為展開深入研究,本文分別從公平視角和可持續(xù)視角對(duì)老齡人口女性化趨勢(shì)給我國(guó)養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度帶來(lái)的引致效應(yīng)進(jìn)行了深入分析。研究證實(shí),公平視角下,女性對(duì)家庭的付出得不到經(jīng)濟(jì)補(bǔ)償,弱化了女性養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)的繳費(fèi)能力,造成了起點(diǎn)不公平;女性比男性繳納更少的養(yǎng)老金,卻占用更多的養(yǎng)老資源,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致了過(guò)程不公平和結(jié)果不公平,背了養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度公平的理念�？沙掷m(xù)視角下,老齡化女性化趨勢(shì)致使養(yǎng)老金支付壓力大增、引發(fā)養(yǎng)老金收支失衡;缺乏有效的激勵(lì)機(jī)制、影響?zhàn)B老金繳納的積極性,進(jìn)而影響了養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。針對(duì)上述問(wèn)題,本文以"十三五"規(guī)劃中對(duì)社會(huì)保障制度建設(shè)的相關(guān)部署為指導(dǎo)方向,提出了相應(yīng)的對(duì)策建議,以期對(duì)老齡化女性化趨勢(shì)下我國(guó)養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度的公平性和可持續(xù)性建設(shè)有一定的參考理論意義和借鑒的實(shí)際價(jià)值。公平視角下,應(yīng)完善個(gè)人賬戶、確保參保人權(quán)益,建立夫妻間養(yǎng)老金關(guān)聯(lián)機(jī)制,提高妻子養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)待遇的協(xié)同度,同時(shí)還應(yīng)建立家務(wù)勞動(dòng)補(bǔ)貼制度,正視女性對(duì)家庭的付出�？沙掷m(xù)視角下,應(yīng)實(shí)行基礎(chǔ)養(yǎng)老金全國(guó)統(tǒng)籌、推動(dòng)養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度全國(guó)統(tǒng)籌,拓寬籌資渠道、確保養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)基金來(lái)源,提高女性退休年齡、減小養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)基金支付壓力,同時(shí)還要注重優(yōu)化女性就業(yè)環(huán)境、提升女性人力資本存量,完善立法、為養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度可持續(xù)發(fā)展提供法律環(huán)境。
[Abstract]:Chinese has entered the aging society, the social form is "old before getting rich", the size of the elderly population, rapid growth rate, on the sex structure, with the population aging rate, the elderly population has a feminine structure trend. This paper through the calculation confirmed that in the population structure, by the end of 2050, China's elderly population aged 65 and above accounted for 24.64% of the total population, the elderly dependency ratio is 2.42 and the population in terms of gender, by the end of 2050, elderly women aged 60 years and above accounted for 54% of the total population of the elderly, the elderly aged 80 and older women accounted for the total elderly population of 59%, in the next few decades, the gender imbalance the phenomenon of China elderly female aging serious, the trend is obvious. As one of the five types of social insurance pension insurance system, undertakes the important responsibility to help the elderly, facing the changes of population structure Only, maintain and promote the fairness of old-age insurance system and sustainable development, in order to solve the pension problem in the next period of time, to meet the old group with the economic development and the increasing demand of pension, in order to achieve the "two 100 year" goal to create a stable and harmonious social environment, in order to implement the "an important part of 13th Five-Year" plan, the early realization of the grand goal of building a well-off society ". This paper makes a review of relevant research results at home and abroad, with the theory of fairness and justice, sustainable development theory, income redistribution theory, Pareto optimality theory and structure function theory, the integrated use of normative analysis, empirical analysis comparison and analysis of China's endowment insurance system for urban and rural residents, the status of implementation of the old-age insurance system for employees and Institutions Pension Insurance System The research and analysis of gender differences, according to the analysis, no matter in what kind of pension insurance system, women are more than men to pay old-age insurance payment time is short and the strength of the weak, for long time, directly restricts the endowment insurance system of equitable and sustainable construction. In order to confirm the structural trend China's aging population feminization, this article takes the "element prediction method", in the sixth census data in 2010 Chinese based on age gender predicted population data of 2011-2050 and draws the following conclusions: first, Chinese people aged 60 and above in the proportion of women has remained above 50% the total population of women, older age groups are significantly higher than that in male; second, Chinese over 80 years of age was significantly higher than the proportion of women aged 60 and older aged women accounted for more than 60 years and, among them, the protection of women In 51%-54%, women aged 80 and over accounted remain above 57%, an average of 6 percentage points; third, in the past 40 years, accounting for Chinese elderly women increased significantly than with trend, from 2010 to 2050, women aged 80 years and above accounted for approximately 59% of women increased from 58% to 60. And above the proportion increased from about 51% to 54%, facing a grim situation of female aging trend in China's basic pension insurance system should be paid more attention. For in-depth research, this paper from the perspective of fairness and sustainable perspective on the feminization of aging population trend to cause effect brought me the pension system in China was analyzed. The research shows that, from the perspective of fairness, the women of the family to pay no compensation, weakening the ability to pay women pension insurance, which starting point is not fair; women than men to pay Less pension, but occupy more resources endowment, which led to the process of injustice and unfair result, back concept of endowment insurance system fair. From the perspective of sustainable, the aging trend in female pension payment pressure, raised the pension payments imbalances; lack of effective incentive mechanism, the positive impact of pension payment then, affect the sustainable development of the endowment insurance system. Aiming at the above problems, based on the "13th Five-Year" in the planning of the social security system construction deployment as the guidance, put forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions, in order to have the reference certain theoretical significance of fairness and sustainable construction of China's endowment insurance system for the aged women under the trend of the actual value. From the perspective of fairness, we should perfect the personal accounts, to ensure that the interests of insured persons, establish the association between husband and wife pension mechanism, improve the wife Synergetic degree of sub pension benefits, but also should establish the housework subsidy system, face up to the women of the family to pay. From the perspective of sustainable, should implement the national basic pension co-ordination, promote the old-age insurance system at national level, broaden the financing channels, to ensure that the origin of endowment insurance fund, raising the retirement age for women, reduce the pressure of payment of endowment insurance fund at the same time, but also pay attention to the optimization of female employment environment, enhance the female human capital stock, improve legislation, provide legal environment for the sustainable development of the pension system.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：C913.68;F842.67

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