本文選題：思想來(lái)源 + 框架體系��； 參考：《中央民族大學(xué)》2010年博士論文

【摘要】： 1949年10月,中華人民共和國(guó)建立了,我們習(xí)慣上稱中華人民共和國(guó)的建立為新中國(guó)。之所以稱之為新中國(guó),則是因?yàn)橹腥A人民共和國(guó)在很多制度和觀念上都對(duì)傳統(tǒng)的中國(guó)做了翻天覆地的變化。在這些變化中,對(duì)中國(guó)這個(gè)多民族國(guó)家的民族觀和民族關(guān)系的改變則是眾多變化之中最為重要的一個(gè)。而民族觀和民族關(guān)系的變化都是由于新中國(guó)初期的民族法制建設(shè)帶來(lái)的。作為中國(guó)民族法制歷史中極其重要的一環(huán),甚至可以說(shuō)是改變整個(gè)中國(guó)民族法制歷史的一環(huán),新中國(guó)初期的民族法制建設(shè),其思考和探索的過(guò)程、其建構(gòu)的法制體系、以及其走過(guò)的曲折的路程,都是民族法學(xué)領(lǐng)域不可回避的問(wèn)題。這個(gè)思考和探索的過(guò)程大致花了17年的時(shí)間,即自建國(guó)的1949年至文化大革命開始前的1965年。這一個(gè)17年,是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨在分析中國(guó)歷史上各個(gè)時(shí)期的民族政策,學(xué)習(xí)西方資產(chǎn)階級(jí)和馬克思主義民族理論,結(jié)合中國(guó)革命和建設(shè)實(shí)踐的基礎(chǔ)之上對(duì)中國(guó)民族法制建設(shè)的開創(chuàng)性時(shí)期。 那么,新中國(guó)民族法制建設(shè)是在什么樣的歷史背景下開始的?在這之前的中國(guó)民族法制的狀況是什么?中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨創(chuàng)建新中國(guó)民族法制的思想和理論來(lái)源是什么?在這個(gè)創(chuàng)建的過(guò)程中,遇到的問(wèn)題有哪些?進(jìn)行了怎樣的選擇?民族法制建設(shè)的成果是什么?然而又為什么會(huì)走上曲折的道路?凡此種種,學(xué)界雖然有過(guò)零星涉獵,但都是輕描淡寫,缺乏系統(tǒng)探討和深入分析。本文的目的就是在利用建國(guó)以來(lái)黨和國(guó)家的重要文獻(xiàn),通過(guò)宏觀分析與微觀敘事相結(jié)合、動(dòng)態(tài)考察與靜態(tài)描述相結(jié)合、歷史梳理與法學(xué)思辨分析相結(jié)合的方法,來(lái)盡可能詳盡地解答這些問(wèn)題,以期對(duì)當(dāng)下的民族法制建設(shè)進(jìn)行源頭上的思考,提供一種來(lái)自歷史深處的認(rèn)識(shí)。 新中國(guó)民族法制建設(shè)是中國(guó)民族法制建設(shè)歷史上的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)。從新中國(guó)的民族法制建設(shè)開始,中國(guó)歷史上持續(xù)了二千年的民族歧視、民族壓迫的華夷兩分的民族觀轉(zhuǎn)而向民族平等、民族團(tuán)結(jié)、民族友愛(ài)的民族觀改變。而這個(gè)改變的過(guò)程,源于清末民初以來(lái)的中華民族的民族崛起革命運(yùn)動(dòng),即新民主主義運(yùn)動(dòng)。正是在新民主主義革命中,經(jīng)過(guò)對(duì)西方傳來(lái)的啟蒙時(shí)代以來(lái)的資產(chǎn)階級(jí)法治思想和民族理論,以及馬克思列寧主義中的民族思想和民族政策的接觸、學(xué)習(xí)和借鑒,促成了中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的民族理論和民族政策的形成。在這個(gè)過(guò)程中,中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨不斷結(jié)合中國(guó)革命和建設(shè)的實(shí)際,不斷隨著革命和建設(shè)情況的轉(zhuǎn)變對(duì)民族政策進(jìn)行調(diào)整,最終凝練出新中國(guó)的民族法制的核心——民族區(qū)域自治制度。 民族區(qū)域自治制度是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨在建立新中國(guó)后就解決民族問(wèn)題所得出的最適合中國(guó)民族實(shí)際的政治制度。這一制度的產(chǎn)生和運(yùn)用源于對(duì)民族自決權(quán)和聯(lián)邦制的摒棄。這一制度在新中國(guó)的確立開始于《中國(guó)人民政治協(xié)商會(huì)議共同綱領(lǐng)》,成型于1954年《中華人民共和國(guó)憲法》,這一個(gè)過(guò)程就是新中國(guó)民族法制建設(shè)的過(guò)程,也是新中國(guó)民族法制框架形成的過(guò)程。在這一個(gè)過(guò)程中,黨和國(guó)家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人為了使得中國(guó)的民族關(guān)系和民族狀況得到最根本的改善,派出民族訪問(wèn)團(tuán)進(jìn)行了大量的訪問(wèn),在民族聚居區(qū)進(jìn)行了大量的工作。并在展開這些工作的過(guò)程中,充分照顧和結(jié)合民族地區(qū)的文化特色和經(jīng)濟(jì)特色,對(duì)國(guó)家的政策進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)男拚?然而,當(dāng)運(yùn)用法律的理性對(duì)新中國(guó)的民族法制框架進(jìn)行深入的分析時(shí),我們發(fā)現(xiàn),新中國(guó)的民族法制框架存在很嚴(yán)重的體系缺陷。從對(duì)法律法規(guī)、行政規(guī)章和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人指示的對(duì)比上我們發(fā)現(xiàn),新中國(guó)民族法制建設(shè)中,法律制度的建設(shè)僅僅停留于框架層面,而沒(méi)有形成有機(jī)的法律體系。而相反,大量的民族問(wèn)題都是通過(guò)行政規(guī)章和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人指示來(lái)進(jìn)行“一事一議”式的解決,法律制度和行政規(guī)章及領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人指示的比例嚴(yán)重失調(diào)。這種方法在短時(shí)期內(nèi)有其快速高效的好處,但是從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的角度來(lái)看,其弊端則是會(huì)導(dǎo)致法律虛無(wú)主義或者個(gè)人崇拜的產(chǎn)生。后來(lái)的歷史用鐵一樣的事實(shí)告訴我們,這個(gè)擔(dān)心是完全必要的,而這種問(wèn)題和缺陷就是新中國(guó)民族法制建設(shè)的軟肋,是當(dāng)下中國(guó)民族法制建設(shè)需要吸取的教訓(xùn)。通過(guò)歷史的梳理和法學(xué)理性的討論,通過(guò)框架的分析,通過(guò)微觀的數(shù)據(jù)分析與宏觀的比較,我們對(duì)新中國(guó)民族法制建設(shè)的這一問(wèn)題得以呈現(xiàn)了出來(lái)。 總之,新中國(guó)民族法制建設(shè)改變了中國(guó)幾千年來(lái)的民族關(guān)系和民族狀況,是中國(guó)歷史上民族關(guān)系的新生。正是由于新中國(guó)民族法制建設(shè)的探索和努力,才得以使得我國(guó)這個(gè)多民族國(guó)家得以建立現(xiàn)在這樣團(tuán)結(jié)繁榮的民族關(guān)系。這都是源于新中國(guó)初期民族法制建設(shè)的思考和探索的成果。但是,我們也更要清醒得認(rèn)識(shí)到新中國(guó)民族法制建設(shè)存在的問(wèn)題,只有對(duì)這一問(wèn)題進(jìn)行深入的仔細(xì)的分析,才能夠防止我們未來(lái)的民族法制建設(shè)再次出現(xiàn)類似的問(wèn)題,并促進(jìn)我國(guó)民族法制建設(shè)朝更健康的方向發(fā)展。對(duì)新中國(guó)民族法制建設(shè)這一正反兩方面的分析,使我們對(duì)現(xiàn)行的民族制度得以正本清源的了解,也使我們對(duì)今后的民族法制建設(shè)得以更良好的展望。
[Abstract]:In October 1949, People's Republic of China was established. We used to call the establishment of People's Republic of China as new China. The reason why it is called New China is because People's Republic of China has made great changes to the traditional China in many systems and concepts. In these changes, the people of this multi-ethnic country are the people of China. The change of ethnic views and ethnic relations is the most important one in many changes. The change of national concept and ethnic relationship is brought about by the construction of national legal system in the early period of new China. As an extremely important part of the history of the Chinese national legal system, it can even be said to change the whole history of the Chinese national legal system. The process of thinking and exploration of the initial national legal system, the process of its thinking and exploration, the construction of the legal system and the tortuous journey it has passed are unavoidable problems in the field of national law. The process of thinking and exploration took 17 years, that is, from the 1949 to the beginning of the cultural revolution in 1965. This is the 17 year. The Communist Party of China has studied the national policy of every period in Chinese history, and studied the western bourgeoisie and Marx's theory of nationality, and combined with the practice of Chinese revolution and construction on the groundbreaking time of the construction of Chinese national legal system.
So, what is the historical background of the new China's national legal system? What is the state of the national legal system in China before this? What is the origin of the ideology and theory of the Chinese Communist Party to create a new China's national legal system? What are the problems encountered in the process of the creation and how to choose the national legal system? What is the result of the establishment? But why do they go on the tortuous road? All this, although the academic circles have been involved in sporadic hunting, they are all understatement, lack of systematic discussion and in-depth analysis. The purpose of this article is to use the important documents of the party and the state since the founding of the people's Republic of China, and through the combination of macro analysis and microcosmic narration, the purpose of this paper is to dynamically inspect and be static. A combination of description, historical combing and jurisprudential analysis is used to solve these problems as detailed as possible so as to provide a source of thinking on the current national legal system and to provide a deep understanding of the history.
The construction of national legal system in New China is a turning point in the history of national legal system construction in China. From the beginning of the construction of national legal system in New China, Chinese history has lasted for two thousand years. Since the beginning of the late Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, the revolutionary movement of the Chinese nation, that is, the new democratic movement, is just in the new democratic revolution, through the contact of the bourgeois rule of law and national theory, as well as the national thought and national policy in the Marx Lenin doctrine. In this process, the Communist Party of China has continuously combined with the reality of Chinese revolution and construction, constantly adjusting the national policy with the transformation of the revolution and construction, and finally condenses the core of the national legal system of the new China, the national regional autonomy system.
The system of ethnic regional autonomy is the most suitable political system for the Chinese Communist Party to solve national problems after the establishment of new China. The generation and application of this system is due to the abandonment of the right of national self-determination and the federal system. The establishment of this system began in the common programme of the Chinese people's Political Consultative Conference. It was formed in the constitution of the People's Republic of China in 1954. This process is the process of the construction of the national legal system of the new China and the process of the formation of the framework of the new China's national legal system. In this process, the party and the state leaders have sent the national visiting group in order to make the national relations and national status of China get the most fundamental improvement. A large number of visits have been made and a great deal of work has been carried out in the ethnic communities. In the process of carrying out these tasks, the national policies are properly amended by taking full care of and combining the cultural and economic characteristics of the ethnic areas.
However, when the rational legal framework is used to make a thorough analysis of the national legal framework of new China, we find that there is a serious system defect in the framework of the national legal system of new China. From the contrast of laws, regulations, administrative rules and leaders' instructions, we find that the construction of the legal system in the new China national legal system only stops. In the framework of the framework, there is no organic legal system. On the contrary, a large number of ethnic problems are resolved through administrative rules and leaders' instructions, and the proportion of the legal system and administrative rules and leaders' instructions is serious. This method has its rapid and efficient benefits in a short period of time. From a long-term point of view, its drawbacks will lead to the emergence of legal nihilism or individual worship. The fact that the history uses the iron like fact tells us that this concern is absolutely necessary, and that this kind of problem and defect is the soft rib of the construction of the national legal system of the new China and the lesson that the construction of the national legal system in China needs to be learned at present. Through the history of combing and the discussion of legal rationality, through the analysis of the framework, through the micro data analysis and macro comparison, we have come out of the problem of the construction of the national legal system of the new China.
In a word, the construction of the national legal system of the new China has changed the ethnic relations and national conditions of China for thousands of years. It is the freshman of the national relations in Chinese history. It is the exploration and efforts of the construction of the national legal system of the new China that this multi-ethnic country has been able to establish a national relationship which is so united and prosperous. However, we should be more aware of the problems existing in the construction of the national legal system in the new China. Only if we make a thorough and careful analysis of this problem, we can prevent our future national legal construction from a similar problem and promote the national legal system in our country. The analysis of the positive and negative two aspects of the construction of the national legal system in the new China makes us understand the current national system and make us look forward to the construction of the national legal system in the future.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中央民族大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號(hào)】：D922.15

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