馬克思人與自然關系理論的多維審視
發(fā)布時間：2019-06-05 03:30
【摘要】：馬克思人與自然關系理論是馬克思哲學思想內在的一根主線。馬克思在分析人與自然關系的時候超越了歷史上把人“排除”在自然之外看自然的自然主義和把人“置于”自然之上看自然的人本主義之間的簡單對立,而是立足于人與自然的存在方式全面地分析了人與自然的本真的、現實的和理想的關系。 馬克思雖沒有專門的以本體論為標題的著作,但他提供了一種有關人和自然獨立存在的本體論。在肯定人和自然具有獨立存在這一點上,馬克思直接繼承了費爾巴哈的人本主義和自然主義思想,但是,他超出費爾巴哈的地方在于：不是立足于人的感性直觀或感覺,而是立足于人的感性活動即實踐,來理解和把握感性的人和自然及其相互關系。馬克思認為現實的人與自然的存在因為實踐方式(勞動)的異化而以異化的方式而存在。理想的人與自然的存在關系,要通過揚棄私有財產和異化勞動的共產主義運動才能實現。 馬克思人與自然這兩個獨立存在的感性實體之間互為本質的存在關系是建立在人的實踐活動的基礎上的。馬克思立足于人與自然的關系對實踐做了本質涵義的規(guī)定,并從實踐概念的一般界定入手,分析了人與自然關系理論中實踐的基本形式,即生產實踐。馬克思強調,人與自然的實踐關系糾纏著人與人的社會關系,并隨著人類社會的發(fā)展而不斷發(fā)展變化,從而給人與自然的關系賦予了社會歷史性。馬克思認為,人類是憑借著生產實踐而與自然進行著物質、能量、信息的變換的。但在現實的資本主義社會中,由于資本主義生產資料私有制的生產方式,使得其現實的自然與人及社會在進行物質變換的過程中出現了物質變換的裂縫。這種物質變換的裂縫是資本主義制度本身帶來的,因而也是無法彌補的。要修補裂縫,合理調節(jié)物質變換只有進行社會革命,改變資本主義制度,建立符合社會化大生產的新型社會,即共產主義社會。 在馬克思的視野里,人與自然的關系既是一種實踐關系,又是一種認識關系,人在對自然進行實踐活動的過程中,也在獲得對自然和人自身的認識。馬克思認為,人對自然的認識,就是人對自身的認識,就是人通過自然進行的自我認識。人類可以根據感覺、藝術、自然科學等多種形式來認識和把握自然,人認識和把握自然的過程是一個歷史發(fā)展的過程,認識的每一個變化,歸根結底都是由我們實踐的變化而引起的。馬克思認為,在資本主義生產方式下,由于實踐方式(勞動)的異化必然導致人對自然的認識存在著觀念的異化。這種觀念的異化,在實踐中就會導致破壞人與自然和諧的結果。 馬克思認為,在人以實踐的方式、認識的方式把握自然的過程中,始終貫穿著人與自然的價值關系。人與自然的價值關系體現的是人在認識與改造自然的過程中,自然能否滿足人的需要及滿足人的需要的程度的表現。馬克思認為,人對自然的價值活動實現于人與自然的所有實踐和認識活動之中。他提出：人與自然最基本的價值關系是一種功利的價值關系,此外,人與自然還有審美的價值關系。在對人與自然關系的價值審視中,馬克思提出了一個著名的論斷：勞動創(chuàng)造價值。在對人的價值的評價上,馬克思始終堅持人的本質的社會屬性,提出了社會價值是評價人的價值的最高準繩。在此基礎上,馬克思對現存資本主義社會中對人與自然異化了的實踐關系、異化了的認識關系及異化了的價值關系進行了價值批判,并對理想的人與自然的實踐關系、認識關系、價值關系表達了價值認同。 馬克思在談到人與自然的價值關系的同時,也談到了人與自然的權利關系,即法權關系。馬克思認為,康德和黑格爾追求的只是抽象的法與權利,是在私有制范圍內的法與權利。馬克思從社會存在決定社會意識,社會的經濟結構決定社會的上層建筑的歷史唯物主義觀點出發(fā)對資產階級法權論進行了批判,明確指出：財產是“法和國家的全部內容”。從而揭露了法權的本質,顛覆了近代資產階級法權論者的形而上學的法學基礎,實現了對資產階級法權論的超越,完成了法權思想史上的革命性變革。馬克思對資本主義現實社會人與自然的法權關系進行尖銳地批判的同時,對其心目中理想的人與自然的法權關系和通往理想的人與自然的法權關系的途徑進行了積極探索。 人與自然的關系始終是隨著人類生產勞動的發(fā)展而發(fā)展的,其理論具有鮮明的辯證法的性質。辯證法就是馬克思人與自然關系的方法論。在馬克思那里,人與自然的辯證關系不僅體現在人與自然分別作為主體和客體的相互作用上,尤其體現在人與自然關系的歷史性當中。馬克思對黑格爾的辯證法進行了革命的改造,創(chuàng)立了獨具特色的實踐唯物主義的辯證法思想,并把這一思想自覺地運用到人與自然關系的理論之中。馬克思在對人與自然本體論、實踐論、認識論、價值論、法權論等多重關系的審視中都充分論證了其辯證性,從而揭示了人與自然關系總體的歷史辯證特征。 通過對馬克思人與自然關系理論的多維審視,可見其理論的歷史唯物主義特質和鮮明的唯物辯證法特色。具體說來,馬克思人與自然關系理論具有現實性、理想性、實踐性、革命性、科學性、階級性的總體特征。具有自身特征的馬克思人與自然關系理論是構建中國特色生態(tài)哲學的理論依據；是建設我國生態(tài)文明的指導思想。
[Abstract]:The theory of the relationship between man and nature is one of the main lines of Marx's philosophical thought. In the analysis of the relationship between man and nature, Marx transcends the simple contradiction between the natural naturalism of human "exclude" and the natural humanism on the nature of human's "put in". It is based on the existence of man and nature, and analyses the real, realistic and ideal relationship between man and nature. Although Marx did not have a special book on the title of ontology, he provided a body that existed independently and naturally. On this point of affirmation and nature, Marx inherited the thought of the humanism and naturalism of Ferbha directly, but the place of him beyond the Fairbaha lies in that it is not based on the perceptual intuition or the feeling of the human being, but based on the emotional activity of the human being. To understand and grasp the perceptive person and nature and their cross-correlation On the basis of the alienation of the practical way (labor), the existence of the man and nature of the reality is stored in a dissimilatory way. In the existence of the ideal man and nature, the communist movement of the private property and the alienation of labor can only be realized Now, the relationship between the two independent and existing perceptual entities of Marx and nature is the basis of the establishment of the human's practical activities. On the basis of the relationship between man and nature, Marx has made the essential meaning of the practice, and starts with the general definition of the practice concept, and analyzes the basic form of the practice in the theory of the relationship between man and nature, that is, the life Marx emphasized that the practical relationship between man and nature has entangled the social relations between man and man, and has changed constantly with the development of human society, so that the relationship between man and nature is given to the society In that opinion of Marx, human is carry on material, energy and information with nature through production practice. But in the real capitalist society, because of the mode of production of the private ownership of the capitalist means of production, the material transformation in the course of material transformation between the natural and the human and the society The crack of this kind of material transformation is brought by the capitalist system itself, so it can't In order to repair the cracks, the rational adjustment of the material transformation can only carry out the social revolution, change the capitalist system, and establish a new type of society which is in line with the large-scale production of the socialization, that is, the co-production main In Marx's field of view, the relationship between man and nature is not only a kind of practical relation, but also a kind of understanding relation. In the course of carrying out the practical activities of nature, people are also getting the natural and human In Marx's view, the person's knowledge of nature is the person's understanding of himself, that is, by nature The self-knowledge of human beings can be recognized and grasped in various forms, such as the feeling, the art, the natural science and so on. The process of people's understanding and understanding of nature is a process of historical development. In the capitalist mode of production, the alienation of the mode of practice (labor) inevitably leads to the existence of the knowledge of nature. The alienation of the concept can lead to the destruction of man and nature in practice. The result of the harmony, in the view of Marx, in the way of the practice, the way to grasp the natural process, always runs through the people and The value relation between man and nature is that people can meet the needs of people and meet the needs of people in the process of cognition and transformation of nature. The expression of the degree to which Marx holds that the human value of nature is realized in all the practice of man and nature. He proposed that the most basic value relation between man and nature is a value relation of utility, and in addition, the man and nature also In the view of the value of the relationship between man and nature, Marx put forward a famous conclusion In the evaluation of the value of human, Marx always insists on the social attribute of human nature, and puts forward that the social value is the appraiser's value. On the basis of this, Marx's value criticism on the relationship between the human and nature dissimilation in the existing capitalist society, the dissimilation of the cognition relation and the value relation of the alienation, and the practice relation, the understanding relation and the value relation of the ideal man and nature. On the basis of the value relation between man and nature, Marx also talked about the right of man and nature The relation of interest, that is, the relationship between the law and the right, is that Kant and Hegel are pursuing only the abstract method and the right, which is in the private Marx's criticism on the theory of the right of the bourgeoisie from the viewpoint of the social consciousness, the economic structure of the society and the superstructure of the society, and makes it clear that the property is" the whole content of the Act and the Sta " This paper reveals the essence of the right of law, subverts the legal basis of the metaphysical legal basis of the modern bourgeois law, and realizes the transcendence of the theory of the right of the bourgeoisie, and completes the right of law. On the basis of the revolutionary change in history, Marx makes a sharp criticism of the relationship between the human and nature of the realistic society of capitalism, and the relationship between the right of the man and nature of the ideal man and nature and the legal right to the ideal man and nature. The relationship between man and nature has always been developed with the development of human production, and its theory The nature of a distinctive dialectics. Dialectics is Mark. The methodology of the relationship between man and nature. In Marx, the dialectical relationship between man and nature is not only reflected in the interaction between man and nature as subject and object, especially in man Marx's transformation of Hegel's dialectics has made the revolution of Hegel's dialectics, and founded the dialectical thought of the unique practical materialism, and applied the thought consciously to it. In the theory of the relationship between man and nature, Marx has fully demonstrated its dialectical nature in the examination of the multiple relations of the ontology, the practice, the epistemology, the value of value and the theory of law, so as to reveal the man and nature. The historical dialectical characteristic of the relationship is the historical materialism of the theory through the multi-dimensional examination of the theory of the relationship between man and nature. In particular, the theory of the relationship between man and nature is realistic, idealistic, practical and revolutionary. The theory of the relationship between man and nature with its own characteristics is the theoretical basis for building the ecological philosophy of Chinese characteristics;
【學位授予單位】：湖南師范大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：A811
本文編號：2493223
[Abstract]:The theory of the relationship between man and nature is one of the main lines of Marx's philosophical thought. In the analysis of the relationship between man and nature, Marx transcends the simple contradiction between the natural naturalism of human "exclude" and the natural humanism on the nature of human's "put in". It is based on the existence of man and nature, and analyses the real, realistic and ideal relationship between man and nature. Although Marx did not have a special book on the title of ontology, he provided a body that existed independently and naturally. On this point of affirmation and nature, Marx inherited the thought of the humanism and naturalism of Ferbha directly, but the place of him beyond the Fairbaha lies in that it is not based on the perceptual intuition or the feeling of the human being, but based on the emotional activity of the human being. To understand and grasp the perceptive person and nature and their cross-correlation On the basis of the alienation of the practical way (labor), the existence of the man and nature of the reality is stored in a dissimilatory way. In the existence of the ideal man and nature, the communist movement of the private property and the alienation of labor can only be realized Now, the relationship between the two independent and existing perceptual entities of Marx and nature is the basis of the establishment of the human's practical activities. On the basis of the relationship between man and nature, Marx has made the essential meaning of the practice, and starts with the general definition of the practice concept, and analyzes the basic form of the practice in the theory of the relationship between man and nature, that is, the life Marx emphasized that the practical relationship between man and nature has entangled the social relations between man and man, and has changed constantly with the development of human society, so that the relationship between man and nature is given to the society In that opinion of Marx, human is carry on material, energy and information with nature through production practice. But in the real capitalist society, because of the mode of production of the private ownership of the capitalist means of production, the material transformation in the course of material transformation between the natural and the human and the society The crack of this kind of material transformation is brought by the capitalist system itself, so it can't In order to repair the cracks, the rational adjustment of the material transformation can only carry out the social revolution, change the capitalist system, and establish a new type of society which is in line with the large-scale production of the socialization, that is, the co-production main In Marx's field of view, the relationship between man and nature is not only a kind of practical relation, but also a kind of understanding relation. In the course of carrying out the practical activities of nature, people are also getting the natural and human In Marx's view, the person's knowledge of nature is the person's understanding of himself, that is, by nature The self-knowledge of human beings can be recognized and grasped in various forms, such as the feeling, the art, the natural science and so on. The process of people's understanding and understanding of nature is a process of historical development. In the capitalist mode of production, the alienation of the mode of practice (labor) inevitably leads to the existence of the knowledge of nature. The alienation of the concept can lead to the destruction of man and nature in practice. The result of the harmony, in the view of Marx, in the way of the practice, the way to grasp the natural process, always runs through the people and The value relation between man and nature is that people can meet the needs of people and meet the needs of people in the process of cognition and transformation of nature. The expression of the degree to which Marx holds that the human value of nature is realized in all the practice of man and nature. He proposed that the most basic value relation between man and nature is a value relation of utility, and in addition, the man and nature also In the view of the value of the relationship between man and nature, Marx put forward a famous conclusion In the evaluation of the value of human, Marx always insists on the social attribute of human nature, and puts forward that the social value is the appraiser's value. On the basis of this, Marx's value criticism on the relationship between the human and nature dissimilation in the existing capitalist society, the dissimilation of the cognition relation and the value relation of the alienation, and the practice relation, the understanding relation and the value relation of the ideal man and nature. On the basis of the value relation between man and nature, Marx also talked about the right of man and nature The relation of interest, that is, the relationship between the law and the right, is that Kant and Hegel are pursuing only the abstract method and the right, which is in the private Marx's criticism on the theory of the right of the bourgeoisie from the viewpoint of the social consciousness, the economic structure of the society and the superstructure of the society, and makes it clear that the property is" the whole content of the Act and the Sta " This paper reveals the essence of the right of law, subverts the legal basis of the metaphysical legal basis of the modern bourgeois law, and realizes the transcendence of the theory of the right of the bourgeoisie, and completes the right of law. On the basis of the revolutionary change in history, Marx makes a sharp criticism of the relationship between the human and nature of the realistic society of capitalism, and the relationship between the right of the man and nature of the ideal man and nature and the legal right to the ideal man and nature. The relationship between man and nature has always been developed with the development of human production, and its theory The nature of a distinctive dialectics. Dialectics is Mark. The methodology of the relationship between man and nature. In Marx, the dialectical relationship between man and nature is not only reflected in the interaction between man and nature as subject and object, especially in man Marx's transformation of Hegel's dialectics has made the revolution of Hegel's dialectics, and founded the dialectical thought of the unique practical materialism, and applied the thought consciously to it. In the theory of the relationship between man and nature, Marx has fully demonstrated its dialectical nature in the examination of the multiple relations of the ontology, the practice, the epistemology, the value of value and the theory of law, so as to reveal the man and nature. The historical dialectical characteristic of the relationship is the historical materialism of the theory through the multi-dimensional examination of the theory of the relationship between man and nature. In particular, the theory of the relationship between man and nature is realistic, idealistic, practical and revolutionary. The theory of the relationship between man and nature with its own characteristics is the theoretical basis for building the ecological philosophy of Chinese characteristics;
【學位授予單位】：湖南師范大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：A811
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