【摘要】：感覺(jué)觀是馬克思哲學(xué)思想的重要組成部分,也是馬克思貫徹其辯證唯物主義和歷史唯物主義的重要體現(xiàn)。馬克思對(duì)于感覺(jué)的起源及其根本特征、感覺(jué)在私有制條件下為什么會(huì)發(fā)生異化、如何揚(yáng)棄感覺(jué)的異化以實(shí)現(xiàn)人的全面發(fā)展等問(wèn)題有著深入系統(tǒng)的研究。理解馬克思的這些論述,對(duì)于進(jìn)一步理解馬克思的哲學(xué)思想有著重要的理論與現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。 馬克思的感覺(jué)觀是在批判性地吸收和改造西方哲學(xué)史上的各種感覺(jué)觀的基礎(chǔ)上形成和發(fā)展起來(lái)的。馬克思對(duì)于古希臘原子論派、近代經(jīng)驗(yàn)論和唯理論、德國(guó)古典哲學(xué)等的代表人物的感覺(jué)觀都有著全面深入的研究,并從中吸收了不少有益的成分。但是馬克思也深刻地指出,這些感覺(jué)觀都沒(méi)有從實(shí)踐的角度去理解感覺(jué),因此都存在著這樣那樣的缺陷,馬克思的感覺(jué)觀正是在克服這些缺陷的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來(lái)的。 馬克思始終堅(jiān)持對(duì)于感覺(jué)的實(shí)踐性理解。在他看來(lái),人的屬人的感覺(jué)并不是某種天賦的或先驗(yàn)的能力,而是在人的對(duì)象化活動(dòng)中逐漸形成的,因此感覺(jué)能力和感覺(jué)內(nèi)容會(huì)受到對(duì)象化活動(dòng)本身的制約。正是對(duì)象化活動(dòng)本身的社會(huì)性和歷史性決定了人的感覺(jué)的社會(huì)性和歷史性,人的感覺(jué)是以往全部世界歷史的產(chǎn)物。馬克思對(duì)人的感覺(jué)的實(shí)踐起源和社會(huì)歷史性的揭示,對(duì)于理解他的感覺(jué)異化說(shuō)和感覺(jué)解放說(shuō)有著重要的理論基礎(chǔ)意義。 在馬克思看來(lái),正是由于感覺(jué)會(huì)受到社會(huì)和歷史條件的制約,導(dǎo)致了它在私有制條件下、尤其是資本主義社會(huì)中發(fā)生了異化。在資本主義社會(huì)中,人的屬己的、豐富多樣的感覺(jué)為那種單純“擁有的感覺(jué)”所替代。這使得資本主義社會(huì)中包括資本家和工人在內(nèi)的所有人的感覺(jué)都變得日益非人化和貧困化,人的感覺(jué)能力和感覺(jué)內(nèi)容都被物所奴役,而且其豐富多樣性也日益消失了。 為了揚(yáng)棄感覺(jué)的這種非人化和貧困化的異化,馬克思提出了他的感覺(jué)解放理論。在他看來(lái),要真正揚(yáng)棄感覺(jué)的異化、實(shí)現(xiàn)感覺(jué)的解放,最重要的就是必須要消滅私有制,實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)主義、并進(jìn)而走向共產(chǎn)主義。只有在這種公有制條件下,人的感覺(jué)才能真正擺脫物的奴役,才能真正成為屬己的、豐富多樣的感覺(jué)。而感覺(jué)的這種解放也就意味著人的全面發(fā)展,人的全面發(fā)展是馬克思揚(yáng)棄感覺(jué)的異化、實(shí)現(xiàn)感覺(jué)的解放的最終目標(biāo)。 馬克思的感覺(jué)觀對(duì)后世發(fā)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響,也給予當(dāng)今社會(huì)以深刻的啟示。從馬克思感覺(jué)觀誕生起直到今天,它就一直受到許多人的批評(píng)和攻擊,但這些批評(píng)大多是站不住腳的。與此同時(shí),它也得到很多人的支持,并為許多后世哲學(xué)家、如法蘭克福學(xué)派的哲學(xué)家們所繼承。另外,馬克思的感覺(jué)觀對(duì)于我們今天克服消費(fèi)至上主義、保護(hù)自然環(huán)境等都有著積極的啟示意義,值得我們認(rèn)真借鑒和吸收。
[Abstract]:Feeling view is an important part of Marxist philosophy, and also an important embodiment of Marx's dialectical materialism and historical materialism. Marx has deeply and systematically studied the origin and fundamental characteristics of feeling, why alienation occurs under the condition of private ownership, and how to sublate the alienation of feeling in order to realize the overall development of human being. Understanding these expositions of Marx has important theoretical and practical significance for further understanding Marx's philosophical thought. Marx's sense view was formed and developed on the basis of critically absorbing and reforming all kinds of feeling views in the history of western philosophy. Marx had a thorough and comprehensive study on the perception of the representatives of ancient Greek atomism, modern empiricism and rationalism, German classical philosophy and so on, and absorbed a lot of beneficial elements from it. But Marx also pointed out profoundly that these sensations have not been understood from the angle of practice, so they all have some defects. Marx's perception of feeling has been developed on the basis of overcoming these defects. Marx always insisted on the practical understanding of feeling. In his opinion, the personal feeling of man is not a natural or transcendental ability, but is gradually formed in the objectification of human activities, so the sensory ability and the sensory content will be restricted by the objectified activity itself. It is the sociality and historicity of objectified activities that determine the sociality and historicity of human feelings, which are the products of all the world history in the past. Marx's practical origin of human feelings and the revelation of social history have important theoretical significance for understanding his theory of alienation and liberation. In Marx's view, it is because the feeling will be restricted by the social and historical conditions that it has been alienated under the condition of private ownership, especially in the capitalist society. In capitalist society, one's own, rich and varied feelings are replaced by a simple sense of ownership. This makes the feelings of everyone in capitalist society, including capitalists and workers, become increasingly dehumanized and impoverished, and people's sensory ability and content are enslaved by objects, and their rich diversity is increasingly lost. In order to sublate the sense of dehumanization and poverty of alienation, Marx put forward his sense of liberation theory. In his opinion, in order to sublate the alienation of feeling and realize the liberation of feeling, the most important thing is to eliminate private ownership, realize socialism, and then go to communism. Only under this condition of public ownership, can people's feelings really get rid of the enslavement of things and become their own, rich and diverse feelings. And the liberation of feeling means the all-round development of human being, which is the ultimate goal of Marx to sublate the alienation of feeling and realize the liberation of feeling. Marx's perception had a profound influence on the later generations, and also gave a profound enlightenment to the present society. From the birth of Marx's perception to today, it has been criticized and attacked by many people, but most of these criticisms are untenable. At the same time, it is supported by many people, and inherited by many later philosophers, such as the Frankfurt School of philosophers. In addition, Marx's concept of feeling has positive significance for us to overcome consumerism and protect the natural environment, which is worthy of our reference and absorption.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南昌大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：B038;A811

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