本文選題：馬克思　切入點(diǎn)：意識(shí)形態(tài)　出處：《蘭州大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：在今天,“意識(shí)形態(tài)”是一個(gè)無比重要,但歧義迭出的概念,有各式各樣的理解。每種理解都有一定的思想譜系,而每種譜系都可以追溯到馬克思。為此,就需要詳細(xì)地考察馬克思的意識(shí)形態(tài)概念。馬克思意識(shí)形態(tài)概念有一定的思想淵源,這就是特拉西、拿破侖和黑格爾對(duì)意識(shí)形態(tài)概念的使用和理解。特拉西將“意識(shí)形態(tài)”視為與迷信、謬誤相對(duì)立的新科學(xué)——觀念學(xué),并對(duì)此傾注了濃厚的啟蒙訴求；日益趨向保守和專制的拿破侖,將特拉西的“意識(shí)形態(tài)”視為具有破壞作用的“空想”、“幻想”；黑格爾也認(rèn)為特拉西的“意識(shí)形態(tài)”對(duì)意識(shí)的理解過于簡單和直觀,為此他在《精神現(xiàn)象學(xué)》中力求社會(huì)的、歷史的把握意識(shí)發(fā)展的諸階段,特別是他在有關(guān)教化與語言、語言與現(xiàn)實(shí)世界的顛倒的深刻分析,賦予了意識(shí)的否定性內(nèi)涵。 以歷史唯物主義的形成為界,馬克思的意識(shí)形態(tài)概念分為前后兩個(gè)時(shí)期：青年馬克思的意識(shí)形態(tài)概念和歷史唯物主義視域中的意識(shí)形態(tài)概念。青年馬克思曾多次使用“意識(shí)形態(tài)”一詞,首次使用是在《博士論文》中。這時(shí)期他對(duì)“意識(shí)形態(tài)”一詞的理解完全是拿破侖式的,即意識(shí)形態(tài)就是幻想、空想。這就是“意識(shí)形態(tài)”在馬克思那里的初始概念。同時(shí),青年馬克思通過對(duì)黑格爾法哲學(xué)和基督教的批判,開始了對(duì)意識(shí)形態(tài)現(xiàn)象的初步認(rèn)識(shí)。在對(duì)黑格爾法哲學(xué)的批判中,馬克思深刻地認(rèn)識(shí)到,決定國家和法的不是理性和自由,而是現(xiàn)實(shí)的利益。對(duì)基督教的批判,特別是《德法年鑒》時(shí)期馬克思對(duì)基督教的批判,則揭示出宗教世界的顛倒根源于塵世的顛倒,宗教是這個(gè)顛倒的世界的理論表現(xiàn)。 馬克思?xì)v史唯物主義視域中的意識(shí)形態(tài)概念,才實(shí)現(xiàn)了意識(shí)形態(tài)概念的革命。但是,他并沒有為我們和盤托出意識(shí)形態(tài)的完整概念,他總是在不同的著作和不同的情境中,有針對(duì)性的使用“意識(shí)形態(tài)”一詞。這給馬克思身后的學(xué)者制造了很大的難題,于是便出現(xiàn)了許多的解決方案。最常見的,就是把馬克思的意識(shí)形態(tài)概念的整體性打破,分裂為幾個(gè)互不關(guān)聯(lián)的概念。這種方法簡便易行,許多人都遵循此道。從根本上說,這些人不是理論上的懶惰者,而是對(duì)歷史唯物主義缺乏理解。 在馬克思那里,對(duì)歷史唯物主義的闡釋雖然分布于諸多的著作中,但是歷史唯物主義具有內(nèi)在的邏輯統(tǒng)一性,從而作為歷史唯物主義的重要范疇——“意識(shí)形態(tài)”也具有邏輯統(tǒng)一性。有的人把馬克思的“意識(shí)形態(tài)”當(dāng)作一個(gè)哲學(xué)概念來把握,這樣意識(shí)形態(tài)的概念就仿佛充滿形而上學(xué)性。實(shí)際上,歷史唯物主義不是舊哲學(xué),而是歷史科學(xué)。它的每個(gè)重要范疇都對(duì)應(yīng)于一定的歷史關(guān)系,也對(duì)應(yīng)一定歷史現(xiàn)象的存在。在歷史唯物主義的視域中,“意識(shí)形態(tài)”被指認(rèn)為一種內(nèi)涵豐富的歷史現(xiàn)象,它有著客觀的生成機(jī)制、運(yùn)行機(jī)制和存在形式。而對(duì)“意識(shí)形態(tài)”概念的完整性揭示,也就必然以歷史唯物主義的科學(xué)方法為依據(jù)。同時(shí),用歷史唯物主義科學(xué)方法剖析意識(shí)形態(tài)概念的過程,同樣也是對(duì)意識(shí)形態(tài)概念所包括的各個(gè)要素進(jìn)行比較詳細(xì)的考察的過程,兩者是同一的。
[Abstract]:Today, the "ideology" is an extremely important but ambiguous concept, there is every kind of understanding. Understanding each have certain ideological spectrum, and each lineage can be traced back to Marx. Therefore, we need a detailed study of Marx's concept of ideology. Marx's ideological concept has some ideological origin. This is Tracy, Napoleon and Hagel use and understanding of the concept of ideology. Tracy "ideology" as opposed to superstition and fallacy, new scientific concept, and has devoted a great enlightenment appeal; more conservative and authoritarian Napoleon, will Tracy "ideology" is regarded as destroy the "Utopian", "fantasy"; Hagel also believes that Tracy "ideology" of consciousness understanding is too simple and intuitive, so he in "spiritual phenomena In the process of learning, we strive for the social and historical grasp of the stages of consciousness development, especially in his profound analysis of the enlightenment and language, the language and the real world, giving the negation connotation of consciousness.
With the formation of historical materialism as circles, Marx's concept of ideology can be divided into two periods: the concept of ideology concept of ideology and historical materialism of Marx's youth. Youth Marx has repeatedly used the word "ideology", first used in < >. This dissertation period his understanding of "ideology" the word is Napoleon, ideology is fantasy, fantasy. This is the initial concept of "ideology" in Marx. At the same time, the young Marx Hagel critique philosophy and Christianity, began a preliminary understanding of ideology phenomenon. In their critique of Hagel's philosophy of law, Marx deeply understanding that decides the state and the law is not rational and free, but the reality of the interests. Critique of Christianity, especially the "German Law Yearbook > Marx period The criticism of Christianity reveals that the upside down of the religious world is rooted in the reversal of the world, and religion is the theoretical manifestation of this upside down world.
The concept of ideology from the perspective of Marx in historical materialism, achieved the ideological concept of the revolution. However, he did not complete the concept we emerge in its totality ideology, he is always in different works and different situations, targeted use of "ideology" is a word. This gave Marx a lot of scholars behind the problem, then there have been many solutions. The most common, is the integrity of the concept of ideology of Marx's broken, split into several unrelated concepts. This method is simple, many people have followed suit. Fundamentally speaking, these people are not theoretically lazy, but the lack of understanding of historical materialism.
In Marx there, although the historical materialism explanation distribution in many writings, but historical materialism has the inherent logic of unity, thus, "ideology" as an important category of historical materialism is the logical unity. Some people consider Marx's ideology as a philosophical concept to grasp the concept. This ideology as full of metaphysics. In fact, the historical materialism is not the old philosophy, but the science of history. Each of its important category corresponds to a certain historical relations, also to a certain historical phenomenon. In the view of historical materialism, "ideology" is considered as a rich history it is a phenomenon, the formation mechanism of the objective existence, operation mechanism and form. And the integrity of the concept of "ideology" reveals that is inevitable to calendar Historical materialism is based on scientific methods. At the same time, the process of analyzing the concept of ideology with historical materialism is also a process of detailed investigation of all elements contained in the concept of ideology. They are the same.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：A811

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