本文關(guān)鍵詞： 馬克思 勞動 歷史 整體性　出處：《中共中央黨校》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：探尋人生的意義,獲取人的自由、平等和解放是人類永恒不懈的追求。在古希臘,先哲們就希望通過對存在的沉思獲取人生的意義和世界的完滿。進入中世紀,人類開始寄希望于對上帝的信仰來拯救罪惡的靈魂而獲取永恒。隨著馬丁?路德的宗教改革和資本主義社會萌芽的興起,世俗生活逐漸擺脫了基督教的統(tǒng)治而顯露于人們視野當中。以笛卡爾為代表的啟蒙思想家們迅速確立了人的理性權(quán)威,高揚起自由、平等和解放的旗幟。然而即使經(jīng)歷了啟蒙運動的洗禮以及資產(chǎn)階級革命,人類的自由、平等和解放在近代資本主義社會的現(xiàn)實當中,似乎依舊還是一場遙不可及的夢想。原因何在?自古以來,對人生意義的尋求以及對人的解放的追求似乎永遠徘徊在精神活動當中——沉思、信仰和理性,而物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)勞動作為一個古老而基礎(chǔ)的活動卻從來沒有得到應有的重視。人們無法想象在卑微的、艱辛的生產(chǎn)勞動中能夠獲取人生的意義和人類的自由及解放。然而,馬克思發(fā)現(xiàn)了。他響亮的提出勞動創(chuàng)造人,勞動是人的生命活動本質(zhì),也只有通過勞動,人類才有可能獲取自由和解放。但是這一思想的真正精神長久以來卻被遮蔽在對它的近代解讀中。人們經(jīng)常誤解馬克思是機械的歷史決定論,宣稱以唯物史觀和剩余價值理論為核心的馬克思學說已經(jīng)過時了,其根本原因就是人們沒有對馬克思的勞動思想進行一個整體的、歷史的解讀。當我們站在人類歷史的整體背景下來看待馬克思的勞動思想,從人類勞動思想發(fā)展史的整體角度來把握馬克思勞動思想的真正內(nèi)涵及精神實質(zhì),我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)馬克思勞動思想的產(chǎn)生是時代的產(chǎn)物。資產(chǎn)階級工業(yè)革命對勞動生產(chǎn)力的提升使人們第一次看到蘊含在人類勞動內(nèi)部巨大的創(chuàng)造和支配力量,而工人運動的不斷發(fā)展使人們開始關(guān)注勞動者階級的權(quán)利以及日益尖銳的階級矛盾,逐漸發(fā)現(xiàn)市民社會和政治國家的扭曲割裂。不少思想家紛紛對這些社會現(xiàn)象進行了研究和探索,其中較為系統(tǒng)的要數(shù)古典國民經(jīng)濟學家通過對資本主義經(jīng)濟關(guān)系的研究提出較為完善的勞動價值思想,以及黑格爾針對啟蒙缺失的資本主義社會現(xiàn)實構(gòu)建出通過精神能動勞作達到個體和類相統(tǒng)一的倫理國家。馬克思的勞動思想無疑是在吸收繼承前人思想精華的基礎(chǔ)上產(chǎn)生的,更是和馬克思自身的理論素養(yǎng)、生活境遇以及階級立場密切相關(guān)。同樣,要想弄清楚馬克思的勞動思想,首先要界定勞動概念在馬克思的文本著作中具有什么樣的理論內(nèi)涵和外延。勞動概念只有到近代才具有從各種具體勞動抽象出的一般勞動意義。歷史的來看,勞動和生產(chǎn)、實踐以及工作等相關(guān)概念既有區(qū)別又有聯(lián)系,以這幾個概念的歷史變遷為路徑描繪出人類勞動發(fā)展史的基本面貌,有助于我們明晰以及厘清馬克思文本中不同語境下勞動范疇的真正所指。在這一基礎(chǔ)上,從勞動和人、勞動和社會、勞動和歷史這三個視角對馬克思勞動思想的理論內(nèi)涵進行較為全面的解讀。從馬克思勞動發(fā)展史的整體角度來看,我們可以看到馬克思的勞動思想源于解決啟蒙理性所呼喚的自由、平等和當時落后德國社會現(xiàn)實之間的矛盾問題,落腳點也是為了實現(xiàn)自由、平等和人類解放。馬克思對資本主義社會勞動異化現(xiàn)象以及拜物教現(xiàn)象的揭示和譴責是為了呼喚無產(chǎn)階級起來反抗和推翻這個壓迫人、剝削人的顛倒世界,馬克思對勞動二重性的剖析以及對剩余價值理論的揭露是為了科學的證明資本主義社會資本對勞動的殘酷剝削以及找到推翻資本主義社會和實現(xiàn)人類解放的現(xiàn)實路徑�？偟膩碚f,馬克思的勞動思想不僅繼承吸收黑格爾哲學思維方式中的強大的歷史感和辯證觀,還進一步吸收了國民政治經(jīng)濟學直面現(xiàn)實的唯物主義傳統(tǒng)以及實證經(jīng)驗的經(jīng)濟學論證方法,從而建立了一個真正契合現(xiàn)實的、辯證唯物的勞動理論體系;并且由于其集粹了西方各種優(yōu)秀的精神文化資源,以及代表了先進無產(chǎn)階級的根本利益,因此具有前人無可比擬的理論特質(zhì)。它是一個整體的理論體系,具有強大的歷史感和辯證思維方式,是真理和價值的統(tǒng)一體。
[Abstract]:Exploring the meaning of life, for human freedom, equality and human liberation is the eternal pursuit. In ancient Greece, philosophers want to pass on the existence of the world and the significance of life. The perfect meditation gets into the middle ages, people began to hope that faith in God to save the evil soul for eternity. With Martin? Luther's religious reform and the rise of capitalism sprout, secular life gradually get rid of the Christian rule appear in people's vision. With Descartes as the representative of the Enlightenment thinkers quickly established rational authority of people, advocating freedom, equality and liberation flag. However, even after the baptism and the enlightenment the bourgeois revolution, human freedom, equality and liberation in the modern capitalist society reality, seems to still a distant dream. What are the reasons for self? Since ancient times, seeking the meaning of life and the pursuit of the liberation of the people seemed to be wandering in the spirit activities -- Meditation, belief and rationality, and material production as an ancient and fundamental activities but never get the attention they deserve. People can not imagine in the humble, hard labor can get life the meaning and human freedom and liberation. However, Marx found. He was put forward labor, labor is the essence of human life, only through labor, human beings will obtain freedom and liberation. But this thought the true spirit of long was obscured by the modern interpretation of it. People often misunderstand Marx. Mechanical historical determinism, claims to historical materialism and surplus value theory is the core of Marx's theory has become obsolete, the fundamental reason is that people are not With the labor of Marx thought as a whole, historical interpretation. When we stand in the whole background of human history down view of Marx's labor theory, from the perspective of the whole history of the development of human labor theory to grasp Marx's labour thought the real connotation and spirit, we will find that Marx's thought is the era of labor the product of the industrial revolution of the bourgeoisie. Enhance the labor productivity of the first people to see contained in the human labor creation and huge internal power, and the continuous development of the workers' movement so that people began to concern the rights of working class and the increasingly sharp contradictions, gradually found that the distortion of fragmented civil society and political state. Many thinkers have carried out the research and exploration of these social phenomena, which systematically to the number of classical economists through national capital The theory of economic relations put forward relatively perfect labor value idea, and Hagel for the lack of the reality of capitalist society enlightenment to construct national ethics through the spirit of active labor to achieve the unity of individual and class. The work of Marx thought it is produced in the basis of inheriting thought on the essence of the theory, and is Marx's own accomplishment class, circumstances and life is closely related to the position. Also, to clarify the ideas of Marx's work, the first is to define the concept of labor has theoretical connotation and extension of what is in the text of Marx's writings. The concept of labor is only in modern times from the general meaning of labor labor abstract. Historically, labor and the production practice, and other related concepts are different but related, with historical changes of these concepts to depict the path The basic features of the history of the development of human labor, have real meaning can help us clarify and clarify Marx's text in different contexts of labor category. On this basis, and from the labor, labor and social theory, the connotation of Marx's labour theory of labor and history of the three perspectives of comprehensive explanation from. The whole view of Marx labor history, we can see the source of Marx's labor theory to solve the call Enlightenment rationality of freedom, equality and backward contradiction between the German social reality at that time, the end result is to achieve freedom, equality and human liberation. Marx of capitalist social phenomenon and reveals the alienation of labor fetishism and condemnation is to call up and overthrow the oppression of the proletariat, the exploitation of man by turning the world upside down, Marx on the analysis and the duality of labor On the theory of surplus value is to expose the cruel exploitation of scientific proof of capitalist social capital for labor and find the overthrow of capitalist society and the realistic path of human liberation. In general, the work of Marx thought not only inherited and absorbed the thought of Hagel philosophy in the strong sense of history and dialectical view, further absorption of national political economics face the reality proof of economics materialism and traditional empirical experience, so as to establish a truly fit the reality, the labor theory system of dialectical materialism; and due to the collection of various western excellent spiritual and cultural resources, and represents the fundamental interests of the advanced of the proletariat, therefore has the characteristics of the theory of previous There is nothing comparable to this. It is a whole theoretical system, with a strong sense of history and dialectical way of thinking, is the truth and value Unity.

【學位授予單位】：中共中央黨校
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：A81

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