本文選題：弗雷格　切入點：羅素　出處：《南京師范大學》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：早在古希臘時期,柏拉圖就提出了有關單獨詞項的一個悖論,即:人們聲稱某個東西不存在——比如令狐沖——一定也是存在的,否則不能自圓其說。因為,如果令狐沖根本就不存在,那么無論說他存在還是不存在都是沒有意義的。兩千多年來,關于“非存在之謎”始終未有圓滿的解悖方案,這主要是因為我們對單獨詞項未能有恰當?shù)倪壿嫹治觥Ｈ绻麑τ诖藛栴}不能予以滿意的解答,那么伴隨單獨詞項而來的一系列問題諸如否定存在句問題、對空名謂述句的邏輯分析問題等等都將得不到有效的解決。本文旨在通過對單獨詞項進行邏輯分析,來說明現(xiàn)代數(shù)理邏輯的分析法在消解哲學偽問題和澄清概念的重要作用。本文分為三個部分:第一部分論述有關單獨詞項的四個困惑,首先通過介紹和辨析弗雷格、羅素對什么是單獨詞項的論述,對單獨詞項的涵義給出一個界定。之后討論四個有關單獨詞項的邏輯和哲學困惑,以便更好地理解羅素——奎因的單獨詞項理論。第二部分介紹羅素的摹狀詞理論,由弗雷格的專名理論說起,接著說明羅素出于對弗雷格的理論有不同看法而提出的摹狀詞理論,繼而又根據羅素的理論對第一部分的部分困惑作出解答,最后分析羅素的摹狀詞理論中隱含的問題以及一些哲學家的批評。第三部分說明奎因的單獨詞項理論,重點說明了他的理論是如何由羅素的摹狀詞發(fā)展而來,包括對單獨詞項與自由變項的討論,如何把專名解釋為摹狀詞以及單獨詞項的語境定義�？傊�,羅素——奎因的單獨詞項理論的意義,一是增加了邏輯理論的概括性程度,二是具有哲學上的價值。就前者而言,是因為他們的做法適用于所有語境中的單獨詞項,就后者來說,是因為他們的做法使得某種理論的本體論承諾變得一清二楚。
[Abstract]:As early as ancient Greece, Plato put forward a paradox about individual terms, that is, people claim that something does not exist-for example, Linghuchong-must also exist, otherwise it cannot be justified. If Linghuchong does not exist at all, then it makes no sense to say that he exists or does not exist. For more than 2,000 years, there has been no satisfactory solution to the "mystery of nonexistence". This is mainly because we do not have a proper logical analysis of a single word item. If the answer to this question is not satisfactory, then a series of questions that accompany a single word item, such as a negative existential sentence, The problem of logical analysis of empty predicate sentence and so on will not be solved effectively. This paper is divided into three parts: the first part discusses four puzzles about individual word items, first, by introducing and discriminating Frege, Russell's exposition of what is a single word item, gives a definition of the meaning of a single word item, and then discusses four logical and philosophical puzzles about a single word item. In order to better understand Russell Quinn's theory of individual terms. The second part introduces Russell's theory of description, starting with Frege's theory of proper name, and then explains Russell's theory of description because of his different views on Frege's theory. Then, according to Russell's theory, some puzzles of the first part are answered. Finally, the implicit problems in Russell's theory of description and the criticism of some philosophers are analyzed. The third part explains Quinn's theory of individual terms. It mainly explains how his theory developed from Russell's description, including the discussion of individual word item and free variable, how to interpret proper name as description and context definition of individual word item. The meaning of Russell Quinn's theory of individual terms is to increase the generality of the logical theory and to have philosophical value. In the former case, it is because their approach applies to individual words in all contexts, and in the case of the latter, It is because of their approach that the ontological promise of a certain theory is made clear.
【學位授予單位】：南京師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：B81-0

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