發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-07-15 09:22

【摘要】：長寧遺址是青海省東部湟水流域一處重要的齊家文化居住址。齊家文化的年代約距今4,200-3,800年左右，正處于新石器時(shí)代向青銅時(shí)代的過渡階段，，也是文化面貌、社會(huì)形態(tài)及生業(yè)模式發(fā)生變化的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期。從地理位置來看，該遺址處于北方農(nóng)牧交錯(cuò)帶及河西走廊沿線，中西文化交流頻繁，是西方馴化動(dòng)物傳入中原的重要途徑。研究這個(gè)地區(qū)古代黃牛的遺傳結(jié)構(gòu)，對(duì)于我們認(rèn)識(shí)中國黃牛的起源與傳播路線以及當(dāng)時(shí)人類的文化交流情況具有重要的意義。本文使用分子生物學(xué)方法，對(duì)長寧遺址出土的21個(gè)古代黃牛樣本進(jìn)行了mtDNA研究，通過與其他古代和現(xiàn)代黃牛數(shù)據(jù)的比較分析，結(jié)合考古學(xué)文化，對(duì)中國黃牛的起源和遷徙情況進(jìn)行了探討。概括起來主要有以下內(nèi)容： 第一，對(duì)長寧21個(gè)古代黃牛的mtDNA實(shí)驗(yàn)成功得到了17個(gè)序列。根據(jù)變異位點(diǎn)，這17個(gè)序列可以分為三個(gè)單倍型。通過黃牛世系分型位點(diǎn)可以確定，長寧古代黃牛均屬于近東起源的T3世系。共享單倍型搜索、系統(tǒng)發(fā)育分析和群體遺傳距離計(jì)算的結(jié)果顯示，長寧古代黃�？赡芘c歐洲、近東、東北亞地區(qū)的現(xiàn)代黃牛具有共同的母系祖先，并對(duì)中國現(xiàn)代黃�；驇斓男纬删哂兄匾暙I(xiàn)。 第二，將長寧與中國北方青銅時(shí)代其他考古遺址出土的古代黃牛數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行比較，并結(jié)合世界古代、現(xiàn)代黃牛數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析，發(fā)現(xiàn)長寧古代黃牛與西部早期馴化黃牛的基因型已有顯著差別，而與中原地區(qū)古代黃牛的遺傳結(jié)構(gòu)相近。在長寧古代黃牛中占主導(dǎo)的H5單倍型很可能是在亞洲形成、發(fā)展并進(jìn)一步傳播到東部地區(qū)，因此甘青地區(qū)很可能是中國黃牛主要基因型形成并發(fā)展的重要地區(qū)。 第三，相關(guān)考古學(xué)研究表明，中西方文化的接觸與交流在新石器晚期就可能已經(jīng)開始，在距今4,000年前，青銅器、馴化動(dòng)植物等很可能就已經(jīng)通過人群的遷徙、貿(mào)易亦或是文化的交流傳播到了中國，并對(duì)中國古代文化產(chǎn)生了一定影響。結(jié)合DNA數(shù)據(jù)和考古學(xué)文化分析，探討了中國黃牛起源于近東，并很可能通過新疆—河西走廊—甘青地區(qū)—中原地區(qū)這個(gè)路線自西向東傳播的觀點(diǎn)。
[Abstract]:Changning site is an important residence of Qijia culture in Huangshui basin of eastern Qinghai province. The age of Qijia culture, about 4200-3800 years ago, is in the transitional stage from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age. It is also a key period for the changes of cultural outlook, social formation and biological model. From the geographical point of view, the site is located in the northern agricultural and pastoral ecotone and along the Hexi Corridor, and the cultural exchanges between China and the West are frequent, which is an important way for western domesticated animals to spread into the Central Plains. The study of the genetic structure of ancient yellow cattle in this area is of great significance for us to understand the origin and transmission route of Chinese cattle and the cultural exchange of human beings at that time. In this paper, 21 samples of ancient yellow cattle unearthed from Changning site were studied by molecular biology method. The mtDNA was compared with other ancient and modern yellow cattle data and combined with archaeological culture. The origin and migration of Chinese yellow cattle were discussed. The main contents are summarized as follows: first, 17 sequences of mtDNA were successfully obtained from 21 ancient cattle in Changning. According to the mutation sites, the 17 sequences can be divided into three haplotypes. According to the genotyping loci of yellow cattle, Changning ancient yellow cattle belong to the T 3 lineage of near East origin. The results of shared haplotype search, phylogenetic analysis and population genetic distance calculation showed that Changning ancient cattle may share a common maternal ancestor with modern yellow cattle in Europe, near East and Northeast Asia. And it has important contribution to the formation of Chinese modern yellow cattle gene bank. Second, compare the data of ancient yellow cattle unearthed from other archaeological sites of the bronze age in northern China with Changning, and analyze the data of ancient and modern yellow cattle in the world. It was found that the genotype of Changning ancient yellow cattle was significantly different from that of the early domesticated yellow cattle in western China, but the genetic structure of Changning ancient yellow cattle was similar to that of ancient yellow cattle in Central Plains. The H5 haplotype, which dominates the ancient cattle in Changning, is probably formed in Asia, developed and spread to the eastern part of China. Therefore, Ganqing area is likely to be an important region for the formation and development of the main genotypes of Chinese cattle. Third, relevant archaeological studies have shown that cultural contacts and exchanges between China and the West may have begun in the late Neolithic period, and that bronze objects, domestication of animals and plants, etc., probably passed through the migration of people 4,000 years ago. Trade or cultural exchanges spread to China and had an impact on ancient Chinese culture. Based on DNA data and archaeological cultural analysis, this paper discusses the view that Chinese yellow cattle originated in the near East and spread from west to east through Xinjiang, Hexi Corridor, Ganqing and Central Plains.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：K878

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本文編號(hào)：2123586