本文選題：文物保護 + 遺址　； 參考：《蘭州大學(xué)》2012年博士論文

【摘要】：文物保護是指為保存文物古跡實物遺存及其歷史環(huán)境進行的全部活動。其目的是真實、全面地保存并延續(xù)其歷史信息及全部價值；其任務(wù)是通過技術(shù)和管理的措施,修繕因自然和人為造成的損傷,制止新的破壞。巖土質(zhì)文物的保護是我國現(xiàn)階段文化遺產(chǎn)保護中最重要的研究領(lǐng)域之一。在我國,巖土質(zhì)文物分布廣泛,種類豐富,如不可移動文物中的石窟寺、摩崖造像、巖畫、古壁畫等；長城、烽燧、關(guān)隘、古城等土建筑遺址等；石雕、磚及陶等可移動文物。我國遺存有大量的巖土質(zhì)文物,作為極其脆弱的一類文物實體,承載著大量珍貴的歷史信息,蘊藏著我國歷代政治、經(jīng)濟、藝術(shù)、建筑、科技諸方面極為重要的形象資料,是我國古代文明的實物標(biāo)本,是民族文化傳承的物質(zhì)載體,具有民族團結(jié)和文化認(rèn)同的感召力和凝聚力,也是我國優(yōu)質(zhì)國有資產(chǎn)和當(dāng)代極其珍貴的文化旅游資源。 巖土質(zhì)文物近年來成為文物保護工作者重點關(guān)注的對象之一,保護需求也日益強烈,而保護工作成敗的關(guān)鍵在于所用保護材料和工藝是否得當(dāng),因此保護材料與工藝的研發(fā)一直是文物保護工作者攻關(guān)的技術(shù)難點。本論文在詳細(xì)分析我國巖土質(zhì)文物保護現(xiàn)狀和存在問題的基礎(chǔ)上,針對我國巖土質(zhì)文物病害特點和成因,通過對傳統(tǒng)建筑材料的科學(xué)認(rèn)知后,改性了兩種適宜賦存于不同環(huán)境、不同類型巖土質(zhì)文物的修復(fù)加固材料。初步研究證明,這兩種改性材料使用工藝方法簡便、安全,對環(huán)境無污染,并且耐老化性能好。 本研究的主要結(jié)論及創(chuàng)新點如下： (1)甘肅秦安大地灣仰韶時期房屋遺址地面建造材料的科學(xué)認(rèn)知。在李最雄先生研究的基礎(chǔ)上,對20世紀(jì)70年代末在中國甘肅秦安大地灣發(fā)現(xiàn)的兩座仰韶時期規(guī)模最大、建造工藝最精細(xì)的F-901和F-405人類居住房屋遺址地面材料及當(dāng)?shù)攸S土中的鈣結(jié)核、料礓石,采用掃描電子顯微鏡、偏光顯微鏡、X-射線衍射儀等分析儀器進行了分析研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)這兩處地面是由燒黃土中沉積的鈣結(jié)核輕骨料做集料,燒料礓石摻加適量紅粘土做膠凝材料建造的,近似于現(xiàn)代的輕混凝土。同時,采用C-14測年的方法測定房屋建造的年代,用熱膨脹儀分析測定了遺址中出土陶片的燒陶溫度(注：考古發(fā)現(xiàn)證明燒鈣結(jié)核、燒料礓石及燒陶在同一個窯中)。在此基礎(chǔ)上通過對燒料礓石和燒鈣結(jié)核水化特性的分析研究及房址地面制作工藝的模擬對比實驗,發(fā)現(xiàn)F-901和F-405地面中的燒鈣結(jié)核和燒料礓石已具有氣硬和水硬雙重特性,可稱為人類歷史上最早的混凝土。 論文也對西藏千百年來用于建造寺院地面和屋面的阿嘎土進行了研究。阿嘎土似于料礓石,但西藏用阿嘎土建造屋面和地面時,只將阿嘎土破碎成不同粒級,摻加適量天然樹膠調(diào)配使用,未對阿嘎土做焙燒處理。因阿嘎土不經(jīng)焙燒既不具有氣硬性也不具有水硬性,所以做建筑材料強度很低,老化快,非常容易損壞。因此,通過對料礓石和阿嘎土及歐洲水硬石灰的對比研究,為料礓石和阿嘎土的改性研究提供了新思路。 (2)料礓石和阿嘎土的改性研究。在對大地灣仰韶房屋遺址地面材料研究的基礎(chǔ)上,通過對中國古代建筑中使用的兩種硅酸鹽材料料礓石和阿嘎土的對比分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)料礓石和阿嘎土具有相似的化學(xué)組成和物理性質(zhì)。料礓石和阿嘎土經(jīng)70℃～1400℃焙燒改性后,具有“氣硬”和“水硬”雙重特性,并且隨著溫度的升高,氣硬組分呈現(xiàn)先增加后降低,水硬組分呈不斷增加的規(guī)律性變化。改性后的料礓石和阿嘎土的化學(xué)組成、礦物成分、化學(xué)特性及物理力學(xué)特性類似于歐洲的“水硬石灰”,并且通過調(diào)控配比的方法控制修復(fù)結(jié)石體的強度,適用于不同類型石質(zhì)、土質(zhì)及磚、陶質(zhì)等文物的修復(fù)加固。料礓石和阿嘎土的改性成功,是目前我國文物保護界所倡導(dǎo)的改性中國傳統(tǒng)材料用于文物保護加固成功的一個范例。 (3)改性料礓石和改性阿嘎土的物理力學(xué)特性研究。“水硬性石灰"NHL2(Natural Hydraulic Lime2)和NHL5(Natural Hydraulic Lime5)是歐美從20世紀(jì)70年代之后廣泛應(yīng)用于歷史建筑物修繕的材料。在對中國兩種傳統(tǒng)硅酸鹽建筑材料研究的基礎(chǔ)之上,對改性料礓石和阿嘎土的物理力學(xué)性能及環(huán)境因素影響性與歐洲的兩種水硬性石灰進行對比分析研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)過1000℃、3小時焙燒改性后的料礓石和阿嘎土與歐洲水硬石灰具有相似的特性。經(jīng)改性后的料礓石和阿嘎土具有收縮變形性小、孔隙率大、透水性及透氣性良好的基本性質(zhì),以及強的抗凍融、水穩(wěn)定性、耐溫濕度循環(huán)變化影響及堿性介質(zhì)侵蝕的性能,而且改性料礓石和阿嘎土的結(jié)石體具有強度可控的特點。對燒料礓石和燒阿嘎土化學(xué)特性及物理力學(xué)特性的研究,為無機材料用于巖土質(zhì)文物保護研究奠定了一定的理論基礎(chǔ)。 (4)改性料礓石和改性阿嘎土加固巖土質(zhì)文物的應(yīng)用研究。將改性后的料礓石和阿嘎土應(yīng)用于內(nèi)蒙古元上都遺址、南京報恩寺地宮遺址及高句麗壁畫墓的保護加固中。經(jīng)加固實驗研究,在遺址土中添加適量的改性料礓石或阿嘎土,能明顯改善遺址土的物理力學(xué)性能,提高遺址本體耐環(huán)境侵蝕的能力,不同配比的改性材料對高句麗壁畫墓地仗也起到了有效的加固效果。改性料礓石和改性阿嘎土是一種適宜賦存于不同環(huán)境、不同類型巖土質(zhì)文物的修復(fù)加固材料,這在巖土質(zhì)文物保護加固材料篩選研究方面是一個新的突破。
[Abstract]:The protection of cultural relics means all activities for the preservation of the physical relics of cultural relics and their historical environment. The purpose is to preserve and continue their historical information and all values in an all-round way. The task is to repair the damage caused by nature and human beings through the measures of technology and management and to prevent new damage. The protection of the cultural relics of rock and earth is mine. One of the most important research fields of cultural heritage protection at the present stage in China. In China, the rock and soil cultural relics are widely distributed and rich in variety, such as the Grottoes in the immovable cultural relics, cliff sculptures, rock paintings, ancient murals, and so on; the Great Wall, beacon, pass, ancient city and other soil building sites; stone sculptures, bricks and pottery and other removable cultural relics. As an extremely fragile kind of cultural relics, rock and soil cultural relics bear a lot of precious historical information, and contain very important image data in all dynasties of political, economic, art, architecture and science and technology. It is the physical specimen of ancient civilization of our country, the material carrier of the heritage of national culture, and a sense of national unity and cultural identity. Calling strength and cohesive force are also high quality state-owned assets and extremely precious cultural tourism resources in China.
In recent years, the rock and soil cultural relics have become one of the most important objects of concern for the protection workers of cultural relics, and the protection demand is increasingly strong, and the key to the success of the protection of the work is whether the protection materials and technology are used properly. Therefore, the research and development of the protection materials and technology has been the technical difficulty for the protection workers of the cultural relics. On the basis of the current situation and existing problems of the protection of the national rock and soil cultural relics, in view of the characteristics and causes of the diseases of the rock and earth relics in China, after the scientific cognition of the traditional building materials, two kinds of restoration and reinforcement materials which are suitable to exist in different environments and different types of rock and soil cultural relics have been modified. The preliminary research has proved that the use of the two kinds of modified materials has been proved. The method is simple, safe, no pollution to the environment, and has good aging resistance.
The main conclusions and innovations of this study are as follows:
(1) the scientific cognition of the ground building materials of the building sites in the Yangshao period, Qinan, Gansu. On the basis of Mr. Li Zuixiong's study, the two largest and most elaborate F-901 and F-405 human dwelling site sites and the local loess were found at the end of 1970s in the Qinan Dadi Bay of Qinan, China. The analytical instruments, such as scanning electron microscope, polarizing microscope and X- ray diffractometer, are analyzed and studied by scanning electron microscope, polarizing microscope and X- ray diffractometer. It is found that the ground is made of calcium nodule light aggregate deposited in the burnt loess, and the burnt stone is built with a proper amount of red clay as a cementitious material, which is similar to the modern light concrete. The age of the building was measured by C-14 dating method. The pottery temperature of the unearthed pottery in the site was analyzed by the thermal expansion instrument. It is found that the calcium - burning nodules in the F-901 and the F-405 ground have the dual characteristics of hard gas and water hard, which can be called the earliest concrete in human history.
The paper also studies AGA soil, which has been used for building the ground and roofs of monasteries for thousands of years in Tibet. AGA soil seems to be a material. But when Tibet used AGA soil to build roofs and ground, only the Aga soil was broken into different grain levels, and a proper amount of natural gum was mixed, and alga soil was not roasted. The strength of the material is not hard, so the strength of the building material is very low, the aging is fast, and it is very easy to damage. Therefore, a new idea is provided for the study of the modification of the material and the Aga soil through the comparison of the material and the Aga soil and the European water hard lime.
(2) on the basis of the study of the ground materials of the site of the Yangshao building in the Dagan Bay, through the comparison and analysis of the two kinds of silicate materials used in the ancient Chinese buildings, it is found that the material and AGA soil have similar chemical composition and physical properties. 70 After calcination at C ~ 1400 C, it has the dual characteristics of "gas hard" and "water hard", and with the increase of temperature, the gas hard component is first increased and then decreased, and the water hard component is constantly increasing. The chemical composition, mineral formation, chemical and physical properties of the modified material are similar to that of Europe. "Water hard lime", and control the strength of the stone body by controlling the ratio, is suitable for the restoration and reinforcement of different types of stone, soil, brick, pottery and other cultural relics. Example.
(3) study on the physical and mechanical properties of modified material and modified AGA soil. "Water hard lime" NHL2 (Natural Hydraulic Lime2) and NHL5 (Natural Hydraulic Lime5) are widely used in the renovation of historical buildings since 1970s in Europe and America. On the basis of the study of two traditional silicate building materials in China, the changes are made. The physical and mechanical properties and environmental factors affecting two kinds of water hard lime in Europe were compared and analyzed in Europe. It was found that after 1000, 3 hours of calcination was similar to the European water hard lime. The basic properties of large porosity, good permeability and permeability, as well as strong resistance to freezing and thawing, water stability, temperature and humidity cycle changes and alkaline medium erosion properties, and the strength controllable characteristics of the stone and AGA clay of the modified material. It has laid a theoretical foundation for the research of inorganic materials used in the protection of rock and soil relics.
(4) the application of the modified material and the modified AGA soil to reinforce the rock and soil cultural relics. The modified material and AGA soil should be used in the protection and reinforcement of the Inner Mongolia yuan Du Du site, the Palace of the Earth site and the Guli murals in Nanjing. The physical and mechanical properties of the site are improved, and the ability of the site to resist environmental erosion is improved. The modified materials with different proportions also have effective reinforcement effect on the gagoni murals cemetery. The modified material and modified AGA soil are a kind of restoration and reinforcement material suitable for different environments and different types of rock and soil cultural relics, which is in rock and soil It is a new breakthrough in screening and studying materials for protection and reinforcement of cultural relics.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：TB30;K87

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