本文選題：筑城 + 雉堞��； 參考：《中國(guó)國(guó)家博物館館刊》2015年10期

【摘要】：我國(guó)古城多為夯土城墻。春秋時(shí)在墻上增筑雉堞,并設(shè)懸門(mén)和發(fā)梁。戰(zhàn)國(guó)晚期筑起城門(mén)樓。繼而在城墻外壁設(shè)馬面,以御逼近城墻之?dāng)�。漢代出現(xiàn)了包磚的城墻,但磚城推廣得相當(dāng)慢。明以后縣級(jí)的城垣才多為磚砌。甕城雖出現(xiàn)得很早,但它和馬面的結(jié)合要到漢代才完成。至明代,則不僅有外甕城,還有內(nèi)甕城,形成復(fù)合式甕城,更強(qiáng)化了防御能力。攻城時(shí),城門(mén)首當(dāng)其沖。西周時(shí)發(fā)明了攻城門(mén)的沖車(chē)和逾城用的云梯。唐代則有車(chē)梯,宋代改進(jìn)成對(duì)樓天橋。攻城時(shí)除了逾城墻之外,還可挖掘地道�；鹚帒�(yīng)用于戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后,穴攻發(fā)展成坑道爆破戰(zhàn)術(shù),農(nóng)民起義軍李自成和張獻(xiàn)忠均曾用過(guò)此法。攻門(mén)、逾墻、挖地道及坑道爆破等法,有條件時(shí)可配合使用。此外古代還有若干攻城器械,如橋車(chē)、巢車(chē)、餓鶻車(chē)、揚(yáng)塵車(chē)、檑木飛梯、呂公車(chē)等,由于缺乏實(shí)物資料和詳明的戰(zhàn)例,其效能還不十分清楚。
[Abstract]:The ancient cities of our country are mostly rammed earth walls. In the Spring and Autumn period, the walls were fortified with hanging doors and beams. In the late warring States period, the Chengmen tower was built. Then he set up horse noodles on the outer wall of the wall, so that he might approach the enemy of the wall. In the Han Dynasty, brick walls appeared, but brick cities spread very slowly. After the Ming Dynasty, the county level of the city walls are mostly brick. Although urn city appeared early, but it and horse noodles to be completed until the Han Dynasty. To the Ming Dynasty, there were not only outside vat city, but also inner urn city, which formed compound urn city and strengthened defense ability. The city gate was the first to bear the brunt of the siege. The Western Zhou Dynasty invented the attack on the gate of the car and more than the city used for the ladder. Tang Dynasty has a car ladder, the Song Dynasty to improve the building overpass. In addition to the siege of the city wall, but also excavated tunnels. Gunpowder was used in the war and developed into tunnel blasting tactics, which were used by the peasant rebels Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong. Attack door, over-wall, tunneling and tunnel blasting, when conditions can be used in conjunction. In addition, there were a number of ancient siege equipment, such as bridge car, nest car, hungry Uighur car, dust truck, wooden ladder, Lu bus, etc. Due to the lack of physical data and detailed Ming war cases, its effectiveness is not very clear.
【作者單位】： 中國(guó)國(guó)家博物館;
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K878

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