本文選題：良渚文化 + 環(huán)境變遷　； 參考：《浙江師范大學》2011年碩士論文

【摘要】：全新世環(huán)境變遷與古人類的生存和發(fā)展息息相關(guān),探討全新世環(huán)境變遷與人類活動的相互關(guān)系對預測未來發(fā)展趨勢,具有重大的實踐價值和理論意義。長江中下游地區(qū)的良渚文化及其發(fā)育環(huán)境一直是環(huán)境考古學界關(guān)注的熱點。本文在浙江省自然科學基金項目“良渚文化發(fā)育環(huán)境研究”(Y5080307)資助下,借助地學信息圖譜理論與方法,以豐富的考古資料為基礎(chǔ),將數(shù)量統(tǒng)計、野外調(diào)查、圖譜技術(shù)相結(jié)合,獲取良渚時期文化遺址的時空格局、生產(chǎn)生活方式、社會組織等圖譜特征和環(huán)境信息,探討良渚時期環(huán)境變化與文化響應(yīng)模式。初步得出以下主要結(jié)論： (1)良渚遺址時空圖譜表明從良渚早期到晚期遺址數(shù)量、平均重心、集聚方向、集聚面積、集聚的距離等都發(fā)生了變化。良渚文化中期遺址數(shù)量最多,晚期次之,早期最少,但良渚文化發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵卻取決于早期遺址的數(shù)量值。從早期到晚期良渚文化的平均重心經(jīng)歷從太湖西岸、太湖南岸、太湖西岸的往返遷移過程,同時標準離差橢圓的軸向也發(fā)生了偏轉(zhuǎn),中期相對早期逆時針偏轉(zhuǎn)約19°,晚期相對于中期順勢針偏轉(zhuǎn)約40°,橢圓面積也由大到小再到大,集聚半徑從早期到晚期逐步縮小,但集聚程度中期最高。這種變化過程表明良渚文化從早期到晚期在空間演化上呈分散、集聚、分散的趨勢。 (2)生產(chǎn)生活方式圖譜顯示從良渚早期到晚期建筑選址、建筑功能及分化、資源利用、手工業(yè)發(fā)展都表現(xiàn)出不同的特征。遺址選址的海拔從早期到晚期呈高、低、高的變化趨勢,建筑功能的分化在中期較為突出。資源利用上,稻作農(nóng)業(yè)、水資源利用程度中期最強,而早、晚期則相對較弱。以玉璧和陶器為代表的手工業(yè)從早期到晚期在做工上、器形上由粗糙到精細。這種變化過程表明良渚文化在社會生產(chǎn)生活方式上經(jīng)歷了粗糙到精細再到呈現(xiàn)衰退趨勢的變化過程。 (3)社會組織信息圖譜表明良渚時期人口規(guī)模最小基數(shù)值為33478人,人口規(guī)模最大承載值約為410000人,人口規(guī)模和遺址面積的變化揭示出聚落等級分化顯著。以良渚遺址群為代表分析發(fā)現(xiàn)良渚早、中、晚時期遺址面積大小不一,人口規(guī)模分別為：650人、3400人、2100人,人口規(guī)模和遺址面積的變化揭示出良渚遺址群內(nèi)高級聚落與基層聚落之間相互從屬的關(guān)系�？傮w上來看,良渚遺址群聚落內(nèi)部的社會組織可以初步分為三級：權(quán)利中心、權(quán)利單元、權(quán)利單體。 (4)圖譜研究表明良渚文化與5.3-4 ka B.P.時期環(huán)境演變具有良好的耦合關(guān)系。 良渚文化早期(5.3～4.9 ka B.P.)氣候溫暖濕潤、處于高海面下降期,良渚文化遺址分散,文化重心偏太湖西岸宜溧山地。地勢低洼區(qū)多為湖沼環(huán)境,良渚先民選擇海拔較高的臺墩而居,并就地取材發(fā)展干欄式建筑。受自然環(huán)境影響,早期稻作農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展遲緩,因此,以采集和狩獵為主的社會生產(chǎn)活動使先民的活動半徑較大。而磨制石器、耘田器、玉璧等為代表的手工業(yè)制品形制參差,反映出早期社會生產(chǎn)的粗糙。早期良渚遺址群內(nèi)人口規(guī)模650人左右,聚落規(guī)模小,反映了良渚文化的興起及早期社會形態(tài)的初步形成。 良渚文化中期(4.9～4.3 ka B.P)氣候溫涼偏干、海平面急劇降低,地下水位下降,陸地生存空間大大擴展,先民的活動范圍由高墩、山坡走向廣闊的平原,呈集中分布的趨勢,文化重心也隨之遷移到太湖南岸。建筑形態(tài)由懸空向落地狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)化,建筑功能也由單一功能向多功能轉(zhuǎn)化。而大量禾本科植物花粉和水稻遺跡的出現(xiàn)突出了近地生產(chǎn)生活資料的富足,先民的活動半徑也隨之減小。而氣候偏干,稻作農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展、人口的劇增加劇了人類對水資源的需求程度。隨著石犁、石鐮、畜力等生產(chǎn)工具的出現(xiàn)表明原始生產(chǎn)技術(shù)革命已初見端倪,而玉器所反映的禮制,墓葬、聚落所反映的等級和社會分層,都反映出強制性權(quán)力與支配機制的存在。中期良渚遺址群內(nèi)人口規(guī)模3400人左右,聚落等級分化明顯,這表明良渚文化已進入具有初始國家規(guī)模的文明社會,良渚文化進入發(fā)展鼎峰。 良渚文化晚期(4.3～4 ka B.P)海面回升、水域面積擴大、異常降溫等環(huán)境災變因子使良渚人生存空間縮減,分布范圍廣,文化重心再次遷移到太湖西岸宜溧山地。為了應(yīng)對自然環(huán)境的變化,建筑選址的地貌類型也隨之遷移到海拔較高的臺墩和坡地上。生活環(huán)境的惡化導致了良渚社會的不穩(wěn)定,石鉞和石鏃的出現(xiàn)也證明了這一點。晚期遺址群內(nèi)人口規(guī)模為2100人左右,聚落規(guī)�？s小。總體來講,江、河、湖、�；右鸬乃h(huán)境異常,急劇的降溫等環(huán)境災變使良渚文化發(fā)展受阻,加速了良渚文化的消亡。 (5)就良渚時期環(huán)境變化與文化響應(yīng)模式而言,良渚文化時序連續(xù),空間上呈分散——集聚——再分散的格局。與此同步,良渚時期生產(chǎn)生活方式表現(xiàn)為粗糙——精細——衰退的演變趨勢、社會組織由簡單到復雜,并出現(xiàn)了等級分化。文化的演變過程是良渚人充分適應(yīng)環(huán)境的表現(xiàn),良渚文化興起于高海面下降期,繁盛于低海面時期,衰落于海面再次回升以及伴隨的環(huán)境異常事件。因此,良渚時期文化組成要素的演變是對環(huán)境變遷過程最直接的響應(yīng)。
[Abstract]:The Holocene environmental changes are closely related to the survival and development of ancient human beings. It is of great practical value and theoretical significance to explore the relationship between the Holocene environmental changes and human activities to predict the future development trend. The Liangzhu Culture and its development environment in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are the focus of environmental archaeology. Under the support of the Zhejiang Natural Science Fund Project "Liangzhu culture development environment" (Y5080307), with the aid of the theory and method of geoscience information atlas, based on abundant archaeological data, it combines quantitative statistics, field investigation and atlas technology to obtain the spatial and temporal pattern of cultural sites in Liangzhu period, production and life style, social organization and so on. Based on spectral characteristics and environmental information, the environmental changes and cultural response patterns in Liangzhu period were discussed.
(1) the spatial and temporal map of Liangzhu site shows that the number of sites from early to late Liangzhu sites, the average center of gravity, the direction of agglomeration, the agglomeration area and the distance of agglomeration have changed. The number of Liangzhu culture sites is the most, the later time and the early stage are the least, but the key of the Liangzhu culture development depends on the value of the early site. The average center of gravity of the Zhu Zhu culture is from the West Bank of Taihu, the South Bank of Taihu and the West Bank of the Taihu. At the same time, the axis of the standard deviation ellipse has also been deflected, and the reverse clockwise deflection is about 19 degrees in the middle period, and the later period is about 40 degrees relative to the medium-term homeoneedle, the area of the ellipse is also from large to small, and the radius of agglomeration is from early to late. This process of change shows that the evolution of Liangzhu Culture from early to late is dispersive, concentrated and dispersed.
(2) the pattern of production and life pattern shows that the site selection from early to late Liangzhu, building function and differentiation, resource utilization and handicraft industry have different characteristics. The elevation of site site is high, low and high, and the differentiation of building function is more prominent in the middle period. The use of jade bir and pottery as the representative of the handicraft industry from early to late stage is rough to fine. This change process shows that Liangzhu culture has experienced a rough to a subtle and then declining trend in the social production and life style.
(3) the information Atlas of the social organization shows that the minimum base number of the population in Liangzhu period is 33478, the largest carrying value of the population size is about 410000. The change of population scale and site area reveals that the settlement grade differentiation is remarkable. In addition, 650 people, 3400 people and 2100 people, the changes in population size and site area reveal the relationship between the advanced settlement and the grass-roots settlement in Liangzhu site group. On the whole, the social organization within the Liangzhu ruins group can be divided into three levels: right center, right unit, and right monomer.
(4) map studies show that Liangzhu culture has good coupling relationship with environmental evolution in the period of 5.3-4 Ka B.P..
Early Liangzhu Culture (5.3 ~ 4.9 Ka B.P.) was warm and humid climate, in a period of high sea level decline, the Liangzhu culture site was scattered and the cultural center of gravity was partial to the Yili mountain in the West Bank of Taihu. The development of agriculture is slow, therefore, the social production activities based on collection and hunting make the ancestors' activities more radii. And the shape of the handicraft products, represented by the grinding stone, the weeding apparatus and the jade, reflects the rough social production in the early stage. The population size of the early Liangzhu site group is about 650 people, and the settlement scale is small, reflecting Liang Zhuwen The rise of the transformation and the initial formation of the early social form.
In the middle period of Liangzhu Culture (4.9 ~ 4.3 Ka B.P), the climate is cool and dry, the sea level drastically reduces, the groundwater level falls, the land survival space is greatly expanded. The activities of the ancestors are from high piers to the vast plain, and the center of culture moves to the South Bank of Taihu. The emergence of a large number of gramineous plants pollen and rice remains protruding the abundance of near ground production and life materials and the decrease in the activity radius of the ancestors. The climate bias, the development of rice farming, and the increase in population demand for water resources. With the stone plow, the sickle, the sickle, The emergence of production tools such as animal power shows that the revolution of the original production technology has begun to appear, and the etiquette system reflected by the jade articles, the burial burial and the social stratification reflected in the settlement reflect the existence of the compulsory power and the dominant mechanism. The population of the Liangzhu site group in the middle period is about 3400 people, and the level of settlement differentiation is obvious, which shows the Liangzhu culture. It has entered a civilized society with an initial state scale, and Liangzhu culture has entered the development of Ding Feng.
In the late Liangzhu Culture (4.3 ~ 4 Ka B.P), the sea surface recovery, the expansion of the water area, the abnormal cooling of the environment and other environmental catastrophe factors make the living space of Liangzhu life shrink and spread to the West Bank of Yili mountain in Taihu. In order to cope with the change of the natural environment, the landform types of the building site also migrate to the high sea level pier. The deterioration of the living environment has led to the instability of Liangzhu society. The appearance of the stone Yue and stone is also proved. The population size of the late site group is about 2100 people, and the scale of settlement is narrowing. In general, the water environment caused by the interaction of river, river, Lake and sea, and the rapid cooling of the sea, caused the development of Liangzhu culture to be blocked, The extinction of Liangzhu culture has been accelerated.
(5) as far as the environment change and cultural response mode of Liangzhu period are concerned, Liangzhu culture is continuous in time series, and the spatial pattern is dispersed - Agglomeration - and re dispersive pattern. In the same time, the production and life style of Liangzhu period is rough - the evolution trend of fine - Recession, social organization from simple to complex, and grade differentiation. The evolution process is the performance of Liangzhu people fully adapting to the environment. Liangzhu culture sprang up in the high sea level decline period, flourished in the low sea level, declined again in the sea surface and was accompanied by environmental anomalies. Therefore, the evolution of cultural elements in Liangzhu period is the most direct response to the process of environmental change.

【學位授予單位】：浙江師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K872

【引證文獻】

相關(guān)碩士學位論文 前1條

1 張倫;基于地學住處圖譜的濟南城市綠地時空變化及預測研究[D];山東師范大學;2012年

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