本文選題：良渚文化　切入點：材質(zhì)　出處：《中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：自新石器時代以來,玉器的出現(xiàn)已有8000多年的歷史,玉文化成為中國傳統(tǒng)文化的標(biāo)志之一,并視為中西方文化的分水嶺。距今4000-5300年的江浙一帶的良渚文化出土的玉器達到了新石器時代的頂峰,由于良渚玉器的珍稀性,近些年大量的仿古玉器充斥市場,所以亟需一種綜合區(qū)分良渚仿古與良渚真古的方法。 本文首先概括介紹了良渚文化出土玉器的種類、紋飾、數(shù)量、紋飾以及對體積進行估算；繼而主要對良渚文化玉器的鑒別從材質(zhì)、形制加工、沁蝕特點、元素成分四個方面對良渚文化玉器的鑒別進行綜合的剖析,加上對搜集高仿古玉進行鑒別進而對上述理論進行論證；再而針對材質(zhì)這一方面,對市場上可能用來做仿的與良渚所用玉料材質(zhì)相似的不同產(chǎn)地的透閃石玉料從寶石學(xué)性質(zhì)、元素成分兩個方面進行比較分析,得出結(jié)論如下： 1.根據(jù)良渚現(xiàn)今發(fā)掘出的玉器來看,歸納良渚文化主要代表玉器類型有玉琮、玉鉞、玉璧、冠形器、三叉型器、錐形器這六種器形,也出現(xiàn)了特殊器形如匕形器、玉匙、玉紡輪、玉鳥、嵌玉漆杯、玉蟬、玉龜、玉魚、玉璜等；器表琢制的常見的紋飾有：神人獸面紋(包括完整獸面紋和簡化獸而紋)、鳥紋、卷云紋、羽狀紋、龍紋、菱形紋、絞絲紋等。 2.通過以大型墓葬中的反山、瑤山,中型墓葬中的福泉山、小型墓葬中的莊橋墳遺址等代表墓葬為標(biāo)樣,對良渚文化用玉體積進行粗略的估算,得出其大致用玉量為36t,以后隨著新遺址的發(fā)掘,這個數(shù)字也會不斷的增加。 3.良渚文化古玉的材質(zhì)種類以透閃石的比例為最高,蛇紋石次之,螢石、石英巖、綠松石、絹云母、瑪瑙類、滑石類以小比例出現(xiàn)。其中透閃石玉可大致歸納出兩大類：一類為顏色是綠色帶一定的黃色調(diào)(考古界也稱為湖綠色),質(zhì)地細膩、含雜質(zhì)和雜色較少。一類顏色是深綠色-墨綠色,玉料較第一類玉料深且不純凈,含雜色和雜質(zhì)比第一類玉料更多,多數(shù)樣品上有明顯的斑狀結(jié)構(gòu)。 4.由于良渚時期與現(xiàn)代的加工工具與方法不同,致使留下的加工痕有很大的區(qū)別,表現(xiàn)在切割、鉆孔刻劃、拋光痕跡的差異,如良渚玉器上的的雙面鉆、臺階痕與現(xiàn)代玉器上的單面鉆、螺旋痕便可以區(qū)分真?zhèn)巍?5.良渚玉器大部分被沁蝕成“雞骨自”色,但與現(xiàn)代仿古不同的是有較多的沁蝕后伴隨特征,除了物理性質(zhì)的變化之外,還出現(xiàn)特別的沁蝕特點,如侵蝕洞、侵蝕坑、侵蝕溝的出現(xiàn),另外有同件玉器上出現(xiàn)不同的侵蝕現(xiàn)象,這是仿古中較少出現(xiàn)。另外由于良渚玉器是先加工后沁蝕,而仿古往往是先沁蝕后加工,形成原因的不同直接導(dǎo)致了外觀上的差異。 6.前人的研究表明,良渚玉器在經(jīng)過沁蝕之后,元素的含量會發(fā)生新的變化,這是長時間與埋藏土壤中地下水的離子相置換的結(jié)果,而仿古是通過強酸強堿快速浸泡下形成,不會發(fā)生前者的置換,可能在浸泡中破壞晶形的過程中殘余有浸泡化學(xué)物質(zhì)的成分。 7.在與市場上透閃石玉外觀上對比下,溧陽透閃石玉因其顏色較淡并泛灰色,光澤及透明度較差且伴隨著較多裂隙,從外觀與良渚玉料較好區(qū)分。青2海透閃石玉透明度明顯較其他產(chǎn)地的高,岫巖透閃石玉外觀較良渚玉料相似。 8.為了更好的鑒別古玉的材質(zhì),現(xiàn)代仿古常用現(xiàn)今玉礦產(chǎn)出的透閃石進行仿制,故挑選在外觀上與良渚文化所用玉料有相似之處的幾件新疆、青海、岫巖的玉料,對其用ICP-MS進行元素成分測試,并與良渚莊橋墳的元素特征進行對比,發(fā)現(xiàn)在主量、微量、稀土元素都存在一定的差異,表現(xiàn)在SiO2、MgO、AI2O3等主量元素的差異,Zn、Sr、Cr、Ba微量元素含量差異,輕重稀土富集的差異等,說明元素成分測試是可以較好的區(qū)分良渚用料與仿古用料,為鑒別仿古提供一定的理論依據(jù)。
[Abstract]:Since the new stone age, jade has been 8000 years of history, the jade culture has become a symbol of Chinese of traditional culture, and regarded as a watershed in western culture. 4000-5300 years ago the Jiangsu and Zhejiang area of Liangzhu Culture jade unearthed from the peak of the Neolithic age, the Liangzhu jade rarity, in recent years a large number of antique the jade market is full, so we need a comprehensive distinction between Liangzhu ancient antique and Liangzhu really.
This paper firstly introduces the types of Liangzhu Culture jade decoration, decoration and quantity, to estimate the volume; and then mainly for the identification of Liangzhu Culture jade from the material, shape processing, Qin corrosion, four aspects of elements for the identification of Liangzhu Culture jade comprehensive analysis, in addition to collect high antique jade identification and demonstration of the above theory; then according to the material on the one hand, the tremolite jade on the market may be used to make imitation and Liangzhu jade material with similar material of different origin from two aspects of gemmological characteristics, element composition comparison and analysis, the conclusions are as follows:
1. according to the unearthed jade Liangzhu today, summarized main representative types of jade Liangzhu Culture jade Cong, jade Yue, jade, crown shaped, trigeminal type, cone for these six kinds of shapes, special shapes such as dagger shaped device, the jade jade spoon, spinning wheel, yuniao, block jade paint cup, jade, jade jade jade Huang fish, turtle, etc.; the table made of common patterns: God Shoumian Wen (including the complete and simplified animal and animal mask pattern), bird, volumes, feather patterns, dragon, diamond, twisted lines and so on.
2. by large tomb - hill, Dayaoshan, medium-sized tombs in Fuquan mountain, representing small burial in the ZhuangQiao relics tomb as standard sample, the Liangzhu Culture jade volume rough estimates, the amount of jade is approximately 36t, with new sites, this figure also it will continue to increase.
3. ancient Liangzhu Culture jade material categories with the highest ratio of tremolite, serpentine, fluorite, quartz, sericite, turquoise, agate, talc appears on a small scale. The tremolite jade can be classified into two kinds: one kind is the green color with yellow hue (Archaeology also called Lake green), delicate texture, containing less impurities. A kind of color is dark green, jade is the first kind of jade material deep and pure, containing more impurities than the first class and variegated jade material, most samples appear porphyritic texture.
4. due to the different Liangzhu period and processing tools and modern methods, resulting in trace processing have great differences in cutting, drilling and characterization, difference of polishing traces, such as double - Liangzhu jade on the drill, single step mark and modern jade on the drill, spiral groove can distinguish authenticity.
5.鑹笟鐜夊櫒澶ч儴鍒嗚娌佽殌鎴愨，

本文編號：1647378