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磨溝遺址出土鐵器分析及冶鐵技術(shù)初步研究

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  本文關(guān)鍵詞:磨溝遺址出土鐵器分析及冶鐵技術(shù)初步研究 出處:《西北大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文 論文類型:學(xué)位論文


  更多相關(guān)文章: 磨溝遺址 鐵制品 塊煉鐵 混合礦 模擬實驗 冶鐵起源


【摘要】:現(xiàn)階段中國境內(nèi)出土早期冶鐵遺物數(shù)量較少,也未發(fā)現(xiàn)有公元前8世紀(jì)以前的冶鐵遺址,使得有關(guān)中國冶鐵技術(shù)起源長期以來都存在很大的爭議。冶鐵技術(shù)來源主要有西來說和本土說兩種不同的觀點(diǎn)�?脊虐l(fā)掘資料表明:大約在公元前6到4干紀(jì),西亞地區(qū)已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)人工冶鐵制品,國內(nèi)外一些學(xué)者趨向中國冶鐵技術(shù)來源于西亞,但在傳播路線方面存在從新疆通過河西走廊進(jìn)入中原,以及通過草原地帶直接傳入中原兩種不同觀點(diǎn);隨著中國境內(nèi)早期鐵制品的不斷出土及其科學(xué)分析,也有一部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為中國冶鐵技術(shù)屬于本土起源,但是關(guān)于本土起源也存在冶鐵技術(shù)獨(dú)立出現(xiàn)并發(fā)展以及受到冶銅技術(shù)的影響而產(chǎn)生兩種不同觀念。要探索中國冶鐵技術(shù)起源,不僅需要對出土的早期冶鐵制品進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)、科學(xué)的分析研究,還需要深入探討早期冶鐵技術(shù)工藝過程。目前中國境內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)最早的人工冶鐵為磨溝遺址出土的鐵制品,其成分、金相組織分析表明鐵制品為熱鍛滲碳加工后形成的塊煉滲碳鋼。與西亞地區(qū)開展冶鐵活動的時間接近,為研究中國冶鐵起源提供了新的實物資料,使得我們可以從冶鐵使用時間及技術(shù)來源方面重新審視中國冶鐵技術(shù)起源,對進(jìn)一步探索中國冶鐵技術(shù)起源有著十分重要的意義。通過冶金實驗考古己知,在800-1000℃左右溫度下,塊煉鐵可由鐵礦石在固體狀態(tài)下還原產(chǎn)生。我國銅、鐵礦資源的共生特點(diǎn),早期銅器以及冶銅遺物的科學(xué)分析數(shù)據(jù)顯示,在早期冶銅過程中,會采集到銅鐵共生礦石,由于早期對礦石揀選處理技術(shù)的限制,冶銅原料中普遍會混入一定量的鐵礦石,且部分鐵礦石會被還原成鐵進(jìn)入粗銅或爐渣中。同時,早期冶銅的技術(shù)條件完全可以達(dá)到1000℃高溫,并形成良好的還原氣氛。由此推測:如果在冶銅原料中混合有鐵礦石,在冶煉過程中鐵礦石被還原就有可能偶然生成塊煉鐵。倘若可以證實在冶銅中會產(chǎn)生塊煉鐵,則可推斷中國早期冶鐵技術(shù)有可能來源于成熟的冶銅技術(shù),對研究中國冶鐵技術(shù)起源有著重要的參考價值。為探討早期冶銅過程中是否會有塊煉鐵的生成。本文設(shè)計模擬實驗以早期冶銅條件對銅鐵混合礦進(jìn)行冶煉,對模擬冶煉產(chǎn)物進(jìn)行分析,并將分析結(jié)果與早期紅銅及磨溝遺址鐵制品進(jìn)行對比分析。模擬冶煉實驗表明,復(fù)原的煉銅爐在950℃左右溫度下即可生成包裹在爐渣中的紅銅顆粒,需要破碎揀選出銅顆粒,與早期冶銅考古資料一致。使用銅、鐵混合礦石在冶銅技術(shù)條件下進(jìn)行模擬冶煉,生成的冶煉產(chǎn)物與爐渣粘附在一起,在破碎揀選銅顆粒過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)有灰白色、質(zhì)地堅硬產(chǎn)物的存在。對冶煉生成的銅顆粒、灰色團(tuán)塊狀產(chǎn)物及爐渣進(jìn)行成分、金相組織分析,確定其為紅銅和塊煉鐵。模擬冶煉實驗顯示:在950℃左右,不論采用低品位銅礦還是高品位銅礦,只要冶銅礦料中混入一定量的鐵礦石,使用冶銅爐在冶銅技術(shù)條件下冶煉,都會生成紅銅顆粒及團(tuán)塊狀塊煉鐵。磨溝遺址出土鐵制品科學(xué)分析及模擬實驗表明,在冶銅過程中會偶然出現(xiàn)塊煉鐵,且可能在冶煉產(chǎn)物揀選過程中會被人們發(fā)現(xiàn)并使用。由此可推測,中國早期冶鐵技術(shù)很可能源于成熟的冶銅技術(shù),公元前14世紀(jì)磨溝遺址冶鐵應(yīng)屬于中國冶鐵的萌芽階段,是古代先民在冶銅條件下偶然得到的產(chǎn)物。這一研究為重新審視中國冶鐵技術(shù)起源提供了新的線索,從而進(jìn)一步推進(jìn)中國冶鐵技術(shù)起源和早期發(fā)展的研究。
[Abstract]:At present Chinese early iron relics unearthed within small number, also found no iron sites before eighth Century B. C, the origin of the China iron making techniques have long been controversial. The main source of iron for the West and native two different views. Archaeological data show that in about 6 BC to 4 dry period, West Asia has the artificial iron products, some domestic and foreign scholars tend to China fabrication technology from the west, but the spread of existing route from Xinjiang through the Hexi Corridor into the Central Plains, and the grassland area directly into the Central Plains two different viewpoints; with the continuous in the early China unearthed iron products and scientific analysis, also some scholars believe that Chinese metallurgical technology belongs to the native origin, but also has influence on native origin of iron and copper are independent and the development of technology and the two different concepts. To explore the origin of China iron smelting technology, analysis of the system, not only need to early iron products unearthed in science, also need to discuss the early iron smelting process. At present, Chinese found the earliest artificial iron mill ditch iron products unearthed from the site, its composition, microstructure analysis shows that the block iron smelting products for hot forging processing after the formation of carburizing carburizing steel. To carry out the activities of iron and west regions of time close, provides new materials for the study of the origin Chinese Yetie, we can make use of time and technology from the source of iron to re-examine the origin of China iron smelting technology, has a very important significance for further exploration of the origin of China fabrication technology. Through metallurgical experimental archaeology, it is known that at the temperature of about 800-1000 C, the iron ore can be reduced by the iron ore in the solid state. China's copper iron ore resources, symbiotic characteristics, bronze and copper from the scientific analysis of the data showed that early, early in the process of copper, copper and iron ore can be collected, due to early ore sorting processing technology, generally the amount of copper in the raw materials of iron ore, and part of iron ore will be reduced iron or slag into crude copper. At the same time, the early technical conditions of copper can achieve the high temperature of 1000 DEG C, and the formation of good reducing atmosphere. It is suggested that if the copper material is mixed with iron ore, the reduction in the smelting process of iron ore may have happened iron block. If you can confirm that the copper will be produced in the iron block, can be inferred Chinese early iron may have come from the mature technology of copper, has an important reference value for the research on the origin of Chinese fabrication technology. To investigate the early generation of copper in the process of whether there will be iron block. This paper takes the early copper smelting conditions of mixed copper iron mine design simulation experiment, simulation of smelting products were analyzed, and the results of the analysis and early Mogou site copper and iron products were analyzed. The experiment indicates that the simulation of smelting, copper smelting furnace can be recovered at 950 degrees Celsius temperature generated in the slag wrapped in copper particles to crush chosen copper particles, and early archaeological data consistent with copper. The use of copper and iron ore smelting of copper in hybrid simulation technology conditions, generation of smelting products and slag adhesion together, found a white, hard texture products exist in the process of picking broken copper particles. The generation of smelting copper particles, grey lumps products and slag composition, microstructure analysis, to determine the copper and iron block. The simulation experiment shows: smelting at about 950 DEG C, regardless of the low grade copper or high grade copper ore, as long as the amount of copper ore in the iron ore, copper smelting copper furnace used in technical conditions, will generate copper particles and nodular iron block. Show that the Mogou site analysis of archaeological iron products science and simulation experiments in the smelting process will happen in the smelting iron block, and may choose product process will be found and used. It can be concluded that China early iron is likely due to the mature technology of copper, the fourteenth Century BC Mogou site should belong to China iron iron bud stage, is a product of ancient people in accidental conditions of copper. This study is to re-examine the origin of China iron making techniques provide new clues to further study China iron origin and the early development of.
【學(xué)位授予單位】:西北大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】:碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】:2015
【分類號】:K876.42

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