本文選題：治理 + 地方治理　； 參考：《華中師范大學(xué)》2008年博士論文

【摘要】： 地方治理在任何一個(gè)國(guó)家都占有舉足輕重的地位,它一方面承擔(dān)著國(guó)家對(duì)地方的政治統(tǒng)治功能,另一方面又要履行為地方居民提供公共服務(wù)的職能。英國(guó)既是“地方自治之母”、最早的現(xiàn)代國(guó)家、最早實(shí)現(xiàn)城市化和工業(yè)化的國(guó)家,又是20世紀(jì)地方治理改革的先行者,它在地方治理方面有著豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和教訓(xùn),研究英國(guó)地方治理變遷因此有著特殊的理論與現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。 英國(guó)地方治理的歷史最早可以追溯到羅馬對(duì)不列顛的殖民統(tǒng)治時(shí)期。當(dāng)時(shí)的不列顛尚未有國(guó)家產(chǎn)生,地方治理的主體是一些羅馬人建立的行省和城市以及當(dāng)?shù)厝私M成的鄉(xiāng)村政府,城市是當(dāng)時(shí)的行政管理中心,由當(dāng)?shù)馗辉Ｊ忻窠M成的議事會(huì)實(shí)行自治。城市對(duì)鄉(xiāng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)上的掠奪關(guān)系造成了當(dāng)時(shí)鄉(xiāng)村對(duì)城市政治上的依附關(guān)系。 409年羅馬人退出不列顛之后,盎格魯—薩克遜人又入主英格蘭,并在這里建立了若干具有原始的軍事民主制色彩的盎格魯—薩克遜王國(guó)。郡,這一英國(guó)最重要的地方政府就產(chǎn)生于這個(gè)階段,并且成為了以血緣和家臣關(guān)系為基礎(chǔ)的王權(quán)向以占有領(lǐng)土為基礎(chǔ)的地域性君權(quán)過(guò)渡的標(biāo)志,郡、百戶區(qū)和十戶區(qū)構(gòu)成了當(dāng)時(shí)主要的地方政府體系。與郡、百戶區(qū)和十戶區(qū)同時(shí)承擔(dān)當(dāng)時(shí)地方治理功能的還有游離于它們之外的自治市和領(lǐng)地法庭,只是后二者尚處于萌芽期。 1066年的諾曼征服使得英國(guó)進(jìn)入封建王權(quán)時(shí)代。為了加強(qiáng)對(duì)地方的控制,征服者采取了兩大舉措,一是任命郡長(zhǎng)取代伯爵作為地方最高長(zhǎng)官;二是實(shí)行了分封制:英格蘭的1/5留給自己,1/4給教會(huì),其余分封給180個(gè)直屬封臣,并要求次級(jí)封臣也要向其宣誓效忠。后來(lái)理查一世為了擴(kuò)大王室收入出賣了許多城市的自治權(quán),因此自治市在這一時(shí)期獲得了較大發(fā)展。于是這一時(shí)期就形成了郡—百戶區(qū)、領(lǐng)主及莊園法庭、教會(huì)法庭和自治市等多主體共同治理的地方治理格局。 1485年結(jié)束的玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)大大削弱了貴族勢(shì)力,此后的宗教改革也把教會(huì)納入了王權(quán)掌握之下,樞密院和星座法庭的設(shè)置又進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)了王權(quán),一個(gè)空前強(qiáng)大的絕對(duì)主義國(guó)家產(chǎn)生了。為了進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)對(duì)地方的控制,王國(guó)又任命了地方鄉(xiāng)紳為治安法官用以取代日益坐大的郡長(zhǎng)。為了緩解圈地運(yùn)動(dòng)造成的流民所產(chǎn)生的壓力,教區(qū)由過(guò)去的宗教組織被賦予了濟(jì)貧功能從而變成了英國(guó)的基層政府,只是濟(jì)貧要受到郡治安法官的監(jiān)督。這一階段的地方治理發(fā)生了三大變化,一是郡的最高長(zhǎng)官?gòu)倪^(guò)去一向由國(guó)王親信擔(dān)任的郡長(zhǎng)變成了由地方鄉(xiāng)紳擔(dān)任的治安法官,這是一個(gè)使郡產(chǎn)生地方化傾向的因素;二是地方政府被賦予了濟(jì)貧功能,這是一個(gè)地方政府職能從政治統(tǒng)治向公共服務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)變的信號(hào);三是領(lǐng)主及莊園法庭、教會(huì)法庭迅速衰弱,地方治理主體也大為簡(jiǎn)化。 1688的光榮革命確立了君主立憲之后,英國(guó)進(jìn)入了守夜人國(guó)家時(shí)期。“守夜人”的稱號(hào)不只意味著國(guó)家對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的放任,還有中央政府對(duì)地方事務(wù)的放任——地方自治由此獲得了穩(wěn)步發(fā)展,郡治安法官免于中央干預(yù)而成為了地方事務(wù)的主宰,甚至形成了所謂的“老板統(tǒng)治”。1832年議會(huì)改革放松了議員選舉資格的限制后,地方民主也隨之而來(lái)。1834年濟(jì)貧法規(guī)定設(shè)立的單一目的的地方政府——民選濟(jì)貧聯(lián)盟負(fù)責(zé)濟(jì)貧事務(wù),這一方面形成了對(duì)郡治安法官分權(quán)的局面,另一方面也開(kāi)始了以特別區(qū)政府提供公共服務(wù)的嘗試。1835年市政法案規(guī)定了自治市政府由納稅人民主選舉產(chǎn)生,現(xiàn)代地方自治的原則從此被正式確立下來(lái)。至此,地方治理的主體就成為了郡、特別區(qū)和自治市。 1880年之后的經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)引起了英國(guó)人對(duì)貧困、失業(yè)問(wèn)題解決方案的重新思考,但真正給這一問(wèn)題的解決帶來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)的是1884、1885年的議會(huì)改革。這次改革不但給人民主權(quán)帶來(lái)了巨大的推動(dòng),也引起了地方治理格局的變化。1888年、1894年及1899年地方政府法規(guī)定“郡—區(qū)—教區(qū)”都要設(shè)立民選議會(huì)(小教區(qū)則設(shè)立教區(qū)大會(huì))作為地方權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān),現(xiàn)代地方政府體系正式確立下來(lái)。1929年濟(jì)貧法把濟(jì)貧事務(wù)又轉(zhuǎn)交給了郡,意味著特別區(qū)嘗試的結(jié)束。1945年工黨上臺(tái)正式開(kāi)始了福利國(guó)家的建設(shè),相應(yīng)地地方政府也被變成了國(guó)家福利工具。由于地方服務(wù)職能大量增加,中央不得不加大對(duì)地方的財(cái)政補(bǔ)貼,地方自治也隨之削弱。為了提高公共服務(wù)能力,1960、1970年代展開(kāi)了大規(guī)模的地方政府重組。福利國(guó)家時(shí)期地方治理的特點(diǎn)是治理主體趨于單一,地方政府職能從政治統(tǒng)治為主轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐陨鐣?huì)福利提供為主。 1979年撒切爾夫人上臺(tái)執(zhí)政開(kāi)始治療福利國(guó)家所帶來(lái)的英國(guó)病,英國(guó)進(jìn)入了后福利國(guó)家時(shí)代。在地方治理方面撒切爾等保守黨人開(kāi)出的藥方是限制地方開(kāi)支,削弱地方政府的服務(wù)職能,運(yùn)用市場(chǎng)機(jī)制以企業(yè)提供服務(wù),壓扁地方政府層級(jí)、增加財(cái)政透明化。英國(guó)病在減弱,但公民享受的服務(wù)也大為削減。1997年布萊爾上臺(tái)后推行了第三條道路,修正了保守黨的地方治理政策,其主要措施是權(quán)力下放,設(shè)立區(qū)域化政府以協(xié)調(diào)地區(qū)發(fā)展,提倡公民參與,設(shè)立直選市長(zhǎng)制提高行政效率,以最佳價(jià)值模式提高服務(wù)績(jī)效,塑造多種治理主體之間的伙伴關(guān)系。后福利國(guó)家時(shí)代地方治理的特點(diǎn)是由過(guò)去純粹依靠地方政府提供公共服務(wù)向多種治理主體轉(zhuǎn)變。 整體而言,英國(guó)的地方治理出現(xiàn)了職能由政治統(tǒng)治為主向公共服務(wù)為主的轉(zhuǎn)變,治理主體經(jīng)歷了一個(gè)單一與多元之間的反復(fù)變化,治理方式也存在一個(gè)從早期自治向加強(qiáng)中央集權(quán)過(guò)渡、再到現(xiàn)代地方自治、又到多主體協(xié)作治理的轉(zhuǎn)變。出現(xiàn)這種變遷,既是適應(yīng)國(guó)家形態(tài)變遷的結(jié)果,又是經(jīng)濟(jì)與社會(huì)條件變化的結(jié)果,也還會(huì)受到社會(huì)觀念的影響。地方治理的這些變遷既完善了國(guó)家形態(tài)的發(fā)展,又促進(jìn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)與社會(huì)條件的改善,還會(huì)不斷地提高公民在地方治理中的地位。
[Abstract]:The local governance plays an important role in any country . It has the function of the state ' s political domination over the local area , on the other hand , the function of providing public service for the local residents . The United Kingdom is both the " mother of local self - government " , the first modern country , the first country to realize the urbanization and industrialization , and the pioneer of local governance reform in the 20th century . It has rich experience and lessons in local governance , and it has a special theoretical and practical significance to study the changes of local governance in Britain .


The history of British local governance can be traced back to Rome ' s colonial rule in Britain . At that time , Britain had not yet had a country . The subject of local governance was a village government of provinces and cities established by some Romans and local people . The city was the administrative center of the time . The city was a village government composed of the local affluent citizens . The city ' s pillaging relation to the rural economy caused the country ' s attachment to the city politics .


After the return of the Romans to Britain in 409 , the Anglo - Saxons joined in England and established a number of Anglo - saxon realms with primitive military democratic colors .


The Norman conquest of 1066 has made Britain enter the era of feudal royalty . In order to strengthen the control over the local area , the conscript took two major steps : 1 / 5 of England left to himself , 1 / 4 to the church , the rest to 180 immediate feudal lords , and demanded that the subordinate feudal lords to swear allegiance to him .


In order to further strengthen the control of the local government , the kingdom has appointed local squire to replace the growing county sheriff . In order to further strengthen the control over the local government , the district has appointed local squire as the magistrates of the county magistrate . In order to alleviate the pressure exerted by the local government , the district governor has been endowed with the function of the local government . This is the signal that the local government functions from the political rule to the public service ; thirdly , the lord and the estate court , the church court is rapidly declining , the local governance subject is greatly simplified .


After the glorious revolution of 1688 established the constitutional monarchy , Britain entered the period of the state of the night . The title of " the guardian of the night " does not only mean that the state is responsible for the economy , but also the central government ' s free _ local autonomy for the local affairs has gained steady development , and the local democracy has followed . In 1834 , the local government , the local government , which established the single purpose , has also begun to provide public services to the district magistrate . The municipal bill of 1834 established the autonomous municipal government to be elected by the taxpayer ' s democratic election , and the principle of modern local autonomy has been formally established . At this point , the main body of local governance has become the county , the special district and the autonomous city .


The reform of local government has brought great impetus to the people ' s sovereignty , and the local government has become a national welfare tool . In the year of 192, the local government has been transformed into state welfare tool . In order to improve public service capacity , the central government has had to enlarge the local government . In order to improve public service capacity , the local government function in 1960s and 1970s was the main trend of governance , and the local government function changed from political domination to social welfare .


In 1997 , Blair , such as Thatcher et al . , introduced a third path to improve service performance and shape a partnership between various governance bodies . The local governance in the post - welfare state is characterized by the transformation of public services to various governance subjects by the past purely by local governments .


As a whole , Britain ' s local governance has changed from political domination to public service . The governance body has undergone a transition from early self - government to strengthening centralized centralization , and then to modern local self - government and multi - subject cooperative governance .
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2008
【分類號(hào)】：D756.1

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 高宇軒;近代早期西方社會(huì)救濟(jì)制度的基督教淵源[D];東北師范大學(xué);2011年

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前2條

1 孫宏偉;論英國(guó)地方自治的發(fā)展與變革[D];青海民族大學(xué);2011年

2 黃莉;印度尼西亞村莊治理模式的變遷與轉(zhuǎn)型[D];華中師范大學(xué);2010年

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本文編號(hào)：1898807