本文關(guān)鍵詞： 奧巴馬政府 網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間 網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全 網(wǎng)絡(luò)威懾　出處：《北京外國語大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：隨著網(wǎng)絡(luò)和信息技術(shù)的發(fā)展,在全球非傳統(tǒng)安全領(lǐng)域,網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全及其所帶來的經(jīng)濟(jì)問題、社會(huì)穩(wěn)定和國家安全等問題日益顯著,引起世界各國普遍重視。奧巴馬政府的網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全戰(zhàn)略相比其他國家更加成熟和完善,并且具有較大的國際影響力,研究奧巴馬政府網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全戰(zhàn)略具有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義和學(xué)術(shù)價(jià)值。本文采用歷史研究法和文獻(xiàn)研究法對(duì)奧巴馬政府網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全戰(zhàn)略的背景、演進(jìn)、手段和特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行概括和總結(jié),并評(píng)估其效果以及深入分析其面臨的困境。面對(duì)日益凸顯的網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全問題,克林頓政府和小布什政府通過制定一系列的政策措施,頒布國家網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全戰(zhàn)略加以應(yīng)對(duì)。但是到了奧巴馬政府時(shí)期,美國面臨的網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全形勢(shì)更加嚴(yán)峻,這使得美國繼續(xù)加強(qiáng)國家網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全建設(shè),制定新的國家網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全戰(zhàn)略變得更加迫切和重要。從奧巴馬就任總統(tǒng)到美國發(fā)布《網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間國際戰(zhàn)略》這一時(shí)期,奧巴馬政府的網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全工作主要圍繞著《網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間政策評(píng)估報(bào)告》的主題展開,構(gòu)成了奧巴馬政府網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全戰(zhàn)略的基本框架。從美國發(fā)布《網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間國際戰(zhàn)略》到奧巴馬第一任期結(jié)束,奧巴馬政府網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全戰(zhàn)略得到了發(fā)展,其網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全戰(zhàn)略已基本成熟。奧巴馬第二任期內(nèi),由于發(fā)生了"棱鏡門"事件,奧巴馬政府對(duì)其網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全戰(zhàn)略進(jìn)行了調(diào)整,并繼續(xù)推進(jìn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全戰(zhàn)略。相較于克林頓政府和小布什政府的網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全戰(zhàn)略,奧巴馬政府的網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全戰(zhàn)略更具"外向性"和"進(jìn)攻性"。關(guān)于奧巴馬政府兩屆任期內(nèi)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全戰(zhàn)略主要走向,其第一任期偏向"用軟實(shí)力塑造網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間規(guī)則",第二任期更偏向"以硬實(shí)力謀求網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間霸權(quán)"。奧巴馬政府網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全戰(zhàn)略手段主要是網(wǎng)絡(luò)威懾和網(wǎng)絡(luò)干涉。美國通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)威懾,加強(qiáng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全防御能力,發(fā)展網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)攻性力量,進(jìn)行網(wǎng)絡(luò)合作以實(shí)現(xiàn)國內(nèi)網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全的目標(biāo)。美國通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)干涉,一方面利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì)對(duì)他國進(jìn)行監(jiān)控,并憑借對(duì)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)資源的壟斷,在網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間實(shí)施單邊主義行為,另一方面,美國在網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間推廣美式價(jià)值觀,干涉他國內(nèi)政,旨在實(shí)現(xiàn)主導(dǎo)國際網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間,服務(wù)于自己國家利益的目標(biāo)。奧巴馬政府網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全戰(zhàn)略具有多維綜合性、應(yīng)變調(diào)適性和手段擴(kuò)張性的特點(diǎn)。奧巴馬政府通過加大對(duì)關(guān)鍵基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的保護(hù)力度、完善網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間組織管理機(jī)制等行為,確實(shí)提高了美國網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全防護(hù)水平。盡管很難對(duì)奧巴馬政府網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全戰(zhàn)略的威懾效果進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確評(píng)估,但可以肯定的是其威懾效果并不顯著。奧巴馬政府網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全戰(zhàn)略也面臨著國內(nèi)和國際層面的困境,在國內(nèi)的困境是美國國內(nèi)"安全"與"隱私"的沖突影響到了公私合作中的信息共享進(jìn)程。而隨著網(wǎng)絡(luò)威脅形勢(shì)的加劇,美國想要進(jìn)一步推動(dòng)公私合作中的信息共享進(jìn)程,加強(qiáng)國內(nèi)網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全,就必須調(diào)和國內(nèi)私營部門和民眾在"隱私"上的立場(chǎng),并且美國政府還需要建設(shè)自身公信力,真正做到對(duì)美國人民"隱私"的尊重。奧巴馬政府網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全戰(zhàn)略在國際上面臨的困境是國際網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間的"主權(quán)化"趨勢(shì),挑戰(zhàn)美國主導(dǎo)網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間規(guī)則的意愿。美國提出以"網(wǎng)絡(luò)自由"為主張的"全球公域說",其根本目的是想實(shí)現(xiàn)自己在網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間的主導(dǎo)地位,制定網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間規(guī)則,掌握制網(wǎng)權(quán)。而以中俄為代表的新興國家和廣大發(fā)展中國家在國際舞臺(tái)上就"網(wǎng)絡(luò)主權(quán)"問題同美國展開斗爭(zhēng)。"棱鏡門"事件之后的一些西方國家,也紛紛采取實(shí)質(zhì)上為保障"網(wǎng)絡(luò)主權(quán)"的行動(dòng)。而且隨著網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間的軍事化,國際上需要對(duì)"網(wǎng)絡(luò)戰(zhàn)"以及網(wǎng)絡(luò)軍控問題作出規(guī)范,在這一過程中,對(duì)國家"網(wǎng)絡(luò)主權(quán)"的承認(rèn)逐漸成為共識(shí)。網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間的"主權(quán)化"已成為明顯趨勢(shì),而美國在網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間謀求掌握網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間"制網(wǎng)權(quán)"的行為,并不利于建設(shè)安全的網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間。美國應(yīng)該正視"網(wǎng)絡(luò)主權(quán)"的存在,尊重其他國家的合理權(quán)利與利益,采取合作的方式,和其他國家共同應(yīng)對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)恐怖主義與網(wǎng)絡(luò)犯罪分子,建設(shè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間安全。
[Abstract]:With the development of network and information technology, in the global field of non-traditional security, network security and economic problems caused by the social stability and national security issues have become increasingly prominent, attracted widespread attention all over the world. The network security strategy of the Obama administration compared to other countries more mature and perfect, and has great influence in the international study of the Obama administration network security strategy has important practical significance and academic value. This paper uses historical research and literature research on the Obama government network security strategy background, evolution, features and methods are generalized and summarized, and evaluate its effect and in-depth analysis of their plight. In the face of network security issues become increasingly prominent, the government of Clinton and George W. Bush the government established a series of policies and measures, the national network security strategy to cope with. But to Obama Horse administration, network security situation facing the United States is more severe, which makes the United States continue to strengthen the construction of national network security, national network new security strategy has become more urgent and important. Since President Obama took office to the United States issued "cyberspace international strategy" during this period, the network security work of the Obama administration mainly focuses on the network "space policy assessment report > theme, constitute the basic framework of Obama government network security strategy. From the United States issued < International Strategy for cyberspace to the end of Obama's first term, Obama government network security strategy has been developed, the network security strategy has been basically mature. Obama's second term, due to the occurrence of the prism" incident, the Obama administration adjusted the network security strategy, and continue to promote the network security strategy. Compared to the Clinton government and small Network security strategy of the Bush administration, the network security strategy of the Obama administration is more "extraversion" and "offensive". The network security strategy about the Obama administration's two term the main trend, the first term in favor of "shaping by soft power network space rules", "seeking second term more space to the network hegemony" hard power. The Obama government network security strategy is the main means of network deterrence and network interference. The United States through the network deterrence, strengthen the network security defense ability, the development of network attack power, network cooperation to achieve the goal of network security. The United States through the network interference, on the one hand use network technology to monitor his country, and by virtue of the Internet resource monopoly, the implementation of unilateralism in the network space, on the other hand, the United States in the network space to promote American values, non-interference in the internal affairs, to achieve The main international network space, serve the interests of their own country. The Obama administration has multi-dimensional comprehensive network security strategy, adaptability and tone characteristics should be means of expansion. The Obama administration through the protection of critical infrastructure, improve the network behavior of space organization management mechanism, to really improve the level of protection of American network safety. Although it is difficult for the Obama administration network security strategy for accurate assessment of the deterrent effect, but it is certainly the deterrent effect is not significant. The Obama government network security strategy is also facing domestic and international level, the difficulties, the plight of the country is the United States conflict of "security" and "privacy" to cooperation in information sharing process. With the network threat situation intensifies, the United States to further promote cooperation in the process of information sharing, strengthen the domestic Network security, we must reconcile the domestic private sector and the position of the public on privacy, and the government of the United States also need to build their own credibility, truly the people of the United States "privacy" respect. Obama government network security strategy in the world faces a dilemma in international cyberspace "sovereignty" trend, challenge the United States the dominant rules of cyberspace will. The United States proposed to "Internet freedom" as an advocate of "global public domain", its fundamental purpose is to achieve its dominant position in the network space, rules of cyberspace, grasp the network rights. But in Russia, as the representative of the emerging and developing countries in the international arena. "Internet sovereignty" with the United States to fight. "In some western countries after the prism incident, have also taken the essence to guarantee the" Internet sovereignty "action. And along with the militarization of cyberspace, The need to standardize on "network warfare" and arms control network, in this process, the recognition of national "Internet sovereignty" has gradually become a consensus. The network space of "sovereignty" has become a significant trend, and the United States in the network space for mastering the network space "control" behavior, is not conducive to building a secure network space. The United States should face the "Internet sovereignty", respect the reasonable rights and interests of other countries, take the form of cooperation, and other countries to deal with cyber terrorism and cyber criminals, the construction of network security space.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京外國語大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：TP393.08;D771.2

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