【摘要】：近代以前,中國(guó)并無(wú)現(xiàn)代意義上的外交,在經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治和安全上與英國(guó)完全處于互不干涉的平等地位,但中英鴉片貿(mào)易之后,中英兩國(guó)的關(guān)系發(fā)生變化,中國(guó)由獨(dú)立的、在文化上占據(jù)統(tǒng)治地位的“天朝上國(guó)”,被資本主義的英國(guó)納入其在亞洲的殖民統(tǒng)治的一環(huán),雙方的經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、安全地位均有所改變。中英鴉片貿(mào)易使中國(guó)在經(jīng)濟(jì)上由貿(mào)易出超轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)闃O度貧乏而依賴英國(guó)貿(mào)易的狀態(tài),在政治上由平等自主轉(zhuǎn)而受制于英國(guó),在安全上則從獨(dú)立安全變得贏弱而任人宰割。 本文將借助國(guó)際政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)當(dāng)中的依附理論,探討英國(guó)如何把中國(guó)納入資本主義世界體系的殖民范疇、如何使中英關(guān)系由非依附關(guān)系變?yōu)橐栏疥P(guān)系。根據(jù)依附理論的首要理論假設(shè),鴉片貿(mào)易后的中英關(guān)系符合“中心-外圍”結(jié)構(gòu)及其理論假設(shè)的三個(gè)內(nèi)容,即：(1)國(guó)際體系中只存在唯一的資本主義世界市場(chǎng)。同時(shí),由于“追逐利益是資本主義的本質(zhì)”,對(duì)利潤(rùn)的追求刺激每個(gè)公司彼此競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、進(jìn)行積累、擴(kuò)大生產(chǎn)規(guī)模,并到處搜尋掠奪廉價(jià)原材料和出售商品的機(jī)會(huì)。所以,擴(kuò)大市場(chǎng)是這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)的“中心”的固有傾向；(2)在發(fā)達(dá)的中心區(qū)和不發(fā)達(dá)的邊緣區(qū)存在著不等價(jià)交換關(guān)系,即剝削與被剝削關(guān)系。資本主義世界市場(chǎng)的中心國(guó)家在自由競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、擴(kuò)張市場(chǎng)的過(guò)程中,遵循的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策是“對(duì)殖民地的征服以及為宗主國(guó)的利益打開(kāi)受保護(hù)的工業(yè),摧毀殖民地的手工業(yè)”,或在壟斷時(shí)期“開(kāi)發(fā)剩余價(jià)值率高于中心國(guó)家的新地區(qū),減少勞動(dòng)力成本和不變成本”。這樣,邊緣區(qū)便容易形成對(duì)中心區(qū)嚴(yán)重的商業(yè)依附、金融依附和技術(shù)依附,失去社會(huì)傳統(tǒng)的功能,以中心國(guó)家向其所出售的商品為市場(chǎng)需求,即便有部分發(fā)展,也屬于畸形和有限的發(fā)展,同時(shí),還導(dǎo)致群眾普遍貧窮；(3)存在一個(gè)比較牢固的二元社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu),其中包括國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)中強(qiáng)盛的國(guó)家與貧窮落后的國(guó)家并存、一國(guó)體系內(nèi)上層人物和勞苦大眾并存等,而且這種二元對(duì)立存在擴(kuò)大趨勢(shì)。 對(duì)于大英帝國(guó)來(lái)說(shuō),鴉片曾意味著源源不斷的財(cái)富和政治特權(quán)。對(duì)于清政府時(shí)期的中國(guó)來(lái)說(shuō),鴉片意味著屈辱及荒謬的不平等歷史,以及經(jīng)濟(jì)政治上的雙重?fù)p失,但同時(shí)它也將中國(guó)拉進(jìn)全球體系,為中國(guó)的近代化歷程掀開(kāi)序幕。中英關(guān)系的改變是必然的。這是歷史的選擇,也是近代化的代價(jià)。研究中英鴉片貿(mào)易對(duì)中英關(guān)系的重塑,對(duì)于我們認(rèn)識(shí)歷史、了解資本主義發(fā)展路徑,理解中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)文化思維,具有重要作用。
[Abstract]:Before modern times, China did not have diplomacy in the modern sense, and it was on an equal footing with Britain in terms of economy, politics and security. However, after the opium trade between China and Britain, the relationship between China and Britain changed, and China was independent. The cultural supremacy of China was incorporated into the colonial rule of Asia by capitalist Britain, and the economic, political and security status of both sides changed. The Sino-British opium trade has transformed China's economy from a trade overrun to an extremely poor state of dependence on British trade, a political shift from equal autonomy to being subject to the United Kingdom, and a security transition from independent security to weak and subdued by others. With the aid of the dependency theory in international political economics, this paper discusses how Britain brought China into the colonial category of capitalist world system and how to make Sino-British relations change from non-dependency to dependency. According to the primary theoretical hypothesis of dependence theory, the Sino-British relations after opium trade accord with the three contents of the "center-periphery" structure and its theoretical hypothesis, that is: (1) there is only one capitalist world market in the international system. At the same time, because "pursuing interests is the essence of capitalism", the pursuit of profits stimulates each company to compete with each other, accumulate, expand production, and search everywhere for opportunities to plunder cheap raw materials and sell goods. Therefore, expanding the market is the inherent tendency of the "center" of this structure; (2) there is an unequal exchange relationship between the developed central area and the underdeveloped marginal zone, that is, the relationship between exploitation and exploitation. In the process of free competition and expansion of the market, the central countries of the capitalist world market followed the economic policy of "conquering colonies and opening up protected industries for the benefit of sovereign states and destroying colonial handicrafts". Or in the monopoly period, "developing a new area with a higher rate of surplus value than that of the central country, reducing labor costs and constant costs". In this way, the fringes tend to form serious commercial, financial and technological dependencies on the central areas, losing their traditional social functions, and market demand for the goods sold to them by the central country, even if partially developed. It also belongs to deformities and limited development, at the same time, it also leads to widespread poverty among the masses; (3) there exists a relatively strong dual social structure, which includes the coexistence of the strong and prosperous countries in the international economy and the poor and backward countries, the coexistence of the upper-class figures and the working masses in the system of a country, and the trend of expansion of this dualistic opposition. For the British Empire, opium meant a constant stream of wealth and political privilege. Opium meant humiliating and absurd history of inequality as well as economic and political double losses for China during the Qing Dynasty, but it also brought China into the global system and opened the prelude to China's modernization. The change in Sino-British relations is inevitable. This is the choice of history, but also the price of modernization. The study on the reconstruction of Sino-British opium trade plays an important role in our understanding of history, the path of capitalist development and the traditional cultural thinking of China.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：D829.561

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前3條

1 關(guān)艷紅;;依附理論及其局限性的評(píng)述[J];高校社科信息;2004年03期

2 袁興昌;;對(duì)依附理論的再認(rèn)識(shí)——依附理論的起源[J];拉丁美洲研究;1990年04期

3 張敦福;依附理論的發(fā)展歷程和新進(jìn)展[J];山東師大學(xué)報(bào)(社會(huì)科學(xué)版);2000年01期

，

本文編號(hào)：2443165