歐盟介入伊核問(wèn)題研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2019-01-29 03:37
【摘要】：冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后,歐盟愈發(fā)重視核擴(kuò)散問(wèn)題,不斷發(fā)展、完善致力于防止核擴(kuò)散的核政策。伊核問(wèn)題可能引起中東地區(qū)大規(guī)模的核擴(kuò)散,美國(guó)、以色列揚(yáng)言要通過(guò)軍事手段打擊伊朗核設(shè)施,嚴(yán)重威脅到了歐盟的安全秩序、能源安全和經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。此外,歐盟謀求在國(guó)際社會(huì)中扮演重要角色,向世界展示自己在重大國(guó)際事務(wù)中的影響力。在多種因素的共同推動(dòng)下,歐盟開(kāi)始介入伊核問(wèn)題。歐盟介入伊核問(wèn)題的目標(biāo)有兩個(gè):將伊朗阻止在核門(mén)檻之外,決不允許伊朗擁有核武器;避免美、以?xún)蓢?guó)對(duì)伊朗動(dòng)武,和平解決這一國(guó)際危機(jī)。2003年10月,英、法、德三國(guó)外長(zhǎng)代表歐盟,聯(lián)袂訪問(wèn)德黑蘭,希望能夠通過(guò)外交談判與伊朗在核問(wèn)題上達(dá)成一致,E3機(jī)制由此誕生。之后歐盟高級(jí)代表加入進(jìn)來(lái),E3機(jī)制發(fā)展成為E3/EU機(jī)制。在E3/EU機(jī)制下,歐盟采取接觸政策介入伊核問(wèn)題,希望通過(guò)經(jīng)濟(jì)合作換取伊朗的妥協(xié)。在E3/EU機(jī)制下,伊朗暫時(shí)中斷了國(guó)內(nèi)的鈾濃縮活動(dòng),歐盟的介入取得了一定成果。2005年,隨著內(nèi)賈德上臺(tái),伊朗立場(chǎng)趨于強(qiáng)硬,重啟國(guó)內(nèi)鈾濃縮活動(dòng),歐盟的接觸政策宣告失敗。為了應(yīng)對(duì)再次升溫的伊核問(wèn)題,歐盟三國(guó)與中、美、俄三國(guó)建立了 P5+1機(jī)制,磋商應(yīng)對(duì)方案并且在2006年7月,六國(guó)一致同意將伊核問(wèn)題提交到聯(lián)合國(guó)。在P5+1機(jī)制下,歐盟的政策開(kāi)始調(diào)整為"雙軌政策",希望通過(guò)制裁+外交談判的手段迫使伊朗調(diào)整核政策。2011年,IAEA發(fā)布報(bào)告,暗示伊朗核計(jì)劃包含核爆炸裝置研究,伊朗擁核風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大增,歐盟對(duì)伊朗實(shí)施了嚴(yán)厲的經(jīng)濟(jì)制裁,針對(duì)性極強(qiáng)的瞄準(zhǔn)伊朗能源出口,伊朗經(jīng)濟(jì)遭受了沉重打擊。2013年,魯哈尼上臺(tái)執(zhí)政,尋求與西方國(guó)家改善關(guān)系,主動(dòng)與六國(guó)進(jìn)行核問(wèn)題談判。經(jīng)過(guò)多輪艱苦協(xié)商,最終在2015年7月各方達(dá)成了全面核協(xié)議,伊朗大幅削弱核能力,保留有限的鈾濃縮權(quán)利進(jìn)行民用技術(shù)研究,美、歐將根據(jù)伊朗執(zhí)行核協(xié)議的具體情況逐步停止與伊核問(wèn)題相關(guān)的制裁措施。在介入伊核問(wèn)題的過(guò)程中,歐盟最重要的角色是調(diào)停者,始終強(qiáng)調(diào)通過(guò)外交談判的方式,和平解決伊核問(wèn)題。歐盟的介入證明了外交手段和接觸政策的作用,影響了美國(guó)的立場(chǎng)。奧巴馬上臺(tái)后,改變了之前的不接觸政策,參與到與伊朗協(xié)商的談判中;同時(shí),歐盟的制裁推動(dòng)了伊朗政局的變化,促成了伊朗溫和派領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人魯哈尼上臺(tái)。通過(guò)對(duì)美、伊兩國(guó)立場(chǎng)的影響,歐盟直接推動(dòng)了伊核問(wèn)題的進(jìn)程。全面核協(xié)議的達(dá)成為維護(hù)國(guó)際核不擴(kuò)散體系開(kāi)辟了一條新途徑,歐盟展現(xiàn)出了"老歐洲""的底蘊(yùn),彰顯了參與重大國(guó)際問(wèn)題、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)國(guó)際事務(wù)的能力。
[Abstract]:Since the end of the Cold War, the EU has paid more and more attention to the issue of nuclear proliferation and improved its nuclear policy aimed at preventing nuclear proliferation. The Iranian nuclear issue may lead to large-scale nuclear proliferation in the Middle East. The United States and Israel have threatened to strike Iran's nuclear facilities through military means, seriously threatening the security order, energy security and economic interests of the European Union. Moreover, the EU seeks to play an important role in the international community and to show the world its influence in major international affairs. Under the joint promotion of various factors, the EU began to intervene in the Iranian nuclear issue. There are two objectives for the EU to intervene in the Iranian nuclear issue: to prevent Iran from being outside the nuclear threshold and not to allow Iran to possess nuclear weapons; In October 2003, the foreign ministers of Britain, France and Germany, on behalf of the EU, jointly visited Tehran, hoping to reach an agreement on the nuclear issue with Iran through diplomatic negotiations. Thus, the E3 mechanism was born. Later, the EU senior representative joined in, and the E3 mechanism developed into the E3/EU mechanism. Under the E3/EU regime, the EU has adopted a policy of engagement to intervene in the Iranian nuclear issue in the hope of economic cooperation in exchange for Iran's compromise. Under the E3/EU regime, Iran temporarily suspended its domestic uranium enrichment activities, and the European Union's intervention achieved some results. In 2005, with Ahmadinejad taking power, Iran's stance became more hawkish and domestic uranium enrichment activities resumed. The EU's engagement policy failed. In order to deal with the rising Iranian nuclear issue, the EU three countries, China, the United States, and Russia established the P51 mechanism to negotiate a response plan. In July 2006, the six countries unanimously agreed to submit the Iranian nuclear issue to the United Nations. Under the P51 mechanism, EU policy began to adjust to a "two-track policy," hoping to force Iran to adjust its nuclear policy through sanctions diplomatic negotiations. In 2011, the IAEA released a report suggesting that Iran's nuclear program included a study of nuclear explosive devices. Iran's economy has been hit hard by severe economic sanctions imposed by the European Union on Iran's nuclear holdings and highly targeted energy exports. In 2013, Rouhani came to power seeking to improve relations with Western countries. To initiate negotiations with the six countries on the nuclear issue. After many rounds of arduous negotiations, the parties finally reached a comprehensive nuclear agreement in July 2015. Iran significantly weakened its nuclear capability and reserved the limited right to enrich uranium for civilian technical research. The United States, The EU will phase out sanctions related to the Iranian nuclear issue in accordance with Iran's implementation of the nuclear agreement. In the process of intervening in the Iranian nuclear issue, the most important role of the EU is the mediator, which always emphasizes the peaceful settlement of the Iranian nuclear issue through diplomatic negotiation. The EU's intervention demonstrated the role of diplomacy and engagement policy and influenced the US position. Since taking office, Obama has changed his previous policy of non-engagement and engaged in negotiations with Iran. Meanwhile, EU sanctions have helped change the political situation in Iran, bringing Iran's moderate leader, Rouhani, to power. The EU has directly pushed forward the Iranian nuclear issue through the influence of the US and Iran's positions. The conclusion of a comprehensive nuclear agreement has opened a new way to safeguard the international nuclear non-proliferation regime. The EU has displayed the "old Europe" and demonstrated its ability to participate in major international issues and to lead international affairs.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D815.2;D814.1
本文編號(hào)：2417602
[Abstract]:Since the end of the Cold War, the EU has paid more and more attention to the issue of nuclear proliferation and improved its nuclear policy aimed at preventing nuclear proliferation. The Iranian nuclear issue may lead to large-scale nuclear proliferation in the Middle East. The United States and Israel have threatened to strike Iran's nuclear facilities through military means, seriously threatening the security order, energy security and economic interests of the European Union. Moreover, the EU seeks to play an important role in the international community and to show the world its influence in major international affairs. Under the joint promotion of various factors, the EU began to intervene in the Iranian nuclear issue. There are two objectives for the EU to intervene in the Iranian nuclear issue: to prevent Iran from being outside the nuclear threshold and not to allow Iran to possess nuclear weapons; In October 2003, the foreign ministers of Britain, France and Germany, on behalf of the EU, jointly visited Tehran, hoping to reach an agreement on the nuclear issue with Iran through diplomatic negotiations. Thus, the E3 mechanism was born. Later, the EU senior representative joined in, and the E3 mechanism developed into the E3/EU mechanism. Under the E3/EU regime, the EU has adopted a policy of engagement to intervene in the Iranian nuclear issue in the hope of economic cooperation in exchange for Iran's compromise. Under the E3/EU regime, Iran temporarily suspended its domestic uranium enrichment activities, and the European Union's intervention achieved some results. In 2005, with Ahmadinejad taking power, Iran's stance became more hawkish and domestic uranium enrichment activities resumed. The EU's engagement policy failed. In order to deal with the rising Iranian nuclear issue, the EU three countries, China, the United States, and Russia established the P51 mechanism to negotiate a response plan. In July 2006, the six countries unanimously agreed to submit the Iranian nuclear issue to the United Nations. Under the P51 mechanism, EU policy began to adjust to a "two-track policy," hoping to force Iran to adjust its nuclear policy through sanctions diplomatic negotiations. In 2011, the IAEA released a report suggesting that Iran's nuclear program included a study of nuclear explosive devices. Iran's economy has been hit hard by severe economic sanctions imposed by the European Union on Iran's nuclear holdings and highly targeted energy exports. In 2013, Rouhani came to power seeking to improve relations with Western countries. To initiate negotiations with the six countries on the nuclear issue. After many rounds of arduous negotiations, the parties finally reached a comprehensive nuclear agreement in July 2015. Iran significantly weakened its nuclear capability and reserved the limited right to enrich uranium for civilian technical research. The United States, The EU will phase out sanctions related to the Iranian nuclear issue in accordance with Iran's implementation of the nuclear agreement. In the process of intervening in the Iranian nuclear issue, the most important role of the EU is the mediator, which always emphasizes the peaceful settlement of the Iranian nuclear issue through diplomatic negotiation. The EU's intervention demonstrated the role of diplomacy and engagement policy and influenced the US position. Since taking office, Obama has changed his previous policy of non-engagement and engaged in negotiations with Iran. Meanwhile, EU sanctions have helped change the political situation in Iran, bringing Iran's moderate leader, Rouhani, to power. The EU has directly pushed forward the Iranian nuclear issue through the influence of the US and Iran's positions. The conclusion of a comprehensive nuclear agreement has opened a new way to safeguard the international nuclear non-proliferation regime. The EU has displayed the "old Europe" and demonstrated its ability to participate in major international issues and to lead international affairs.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D815.2;D814.1
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
相關(guān)期刊論文 前2條
1 王雷;;伊核全面協(xié)議對(duì)中東秩序的沖擊和影響[J];當(dāng)代世界;2015年10期
2 華黎明;;伊朗核問(wèn)題及其對(duì)大國(guó)關(guān)系的影響[J];和平與發(fā)展;2010年03期
，本文編號(hào)：2417602
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