【摘要】：清末立憲改革可以視為國家不斷進(jìn)行政治整合的過程,其最主要的整合對象為立憲派、官僚集團(tuán)和革命黨人。對官僚集團(tuán)的整合是鞏固優(yōu)化自身,對立憲派的整合是擴(kuò)大盟友,對革命黨人的整合是減少敵人。政治整合分為四個邏輯層面:政治過程整合、機(jī)構(gòu)整合、制度整合、共同體整合。這是本文的分析框架。政治過程的整合主要指國家回應(yīng)各方政治力量的訴求,在互動過程中形成政治共識,并將這些共識以法律、詔令等形式確定下來。改革中清廷主要進(jìn)行了三次重大的政治過程整合:1905年宣布出洋考察而后又決定仿行憲政;1908年宣布預(yù)備立憲并公布立憲日程;1910年決定縮短預(yù)備立憲的期限。過程整合在第二次開始出現(xiàn)分歧,后逐步擴(kuò)大,最終政治共識破裂。機(jī)構(gòu)整合即是官僚系統(tǒng)改革,清王朝主要進(jìn)行官制改革。官制改革分中央與地方兩方面,內(nèi)容包括機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)置,職能劃分,職位設(shè)計,人事安排,央地關(guān)系。由于中央政府貧弱已久,官僚系統(tǒng)雖有革新,但難有實質(zhì)突破。隨著機(jī)構(gòu)整合的深入,部族政權(quán)的特性成為重大障礙。機(jī)構(gòu)整合打破滿漢均衡,引發(fā)政治分裂。制度整合,分中下層整合與頂層整合,這也是政治制度轉(zhuǎn)型的過程。中下層主要實行基層自治和設(shè)省咨議局。由于民眾力量的匱乏和官僚集團(tuán)的自利,中下層制度整合并沒有帶來新的合法性,沒能遏制洶涌的政治運動。在革命爆發(fā)后,清廷加速了頂層整合,實行政體轉(zhuǎn)型。開放黨禁實行政黨政治,頒布十九信條實行立憲政體,但都難以挽回革命黨和立憲派。這兩大力量合流,另起爐灶,南北對峙,制度整合失敗。共同體整合是建設(shè)新型的民族關(guān)系,維護(hù)民族與國家的統(tǒng)一,轉(zhuǎn)向現(xiàn)代民族國家。在民族整合方面,嘗試平除滿漢畛域,建立平等、共融的民族關(guān)系。在退位之際平撫漢族革命,安慰滿蒙勢力,盡力達(dá)成政治和解,維護(hù)和平統(tǒng)一。南北對峙后,雙方發(fā)生對共和國法統(tǒng)的爭奪。在面臨南北戰(zhàn)爭之際,清廷沒有作魚死網(wǎng)破之爭而是順勢而退,實現(xiàn)和平轉(zhuǎn)變,促成了民初的憲政格局,維護(hù)了國家的統(tǒng)一。
[Abstract]:The constitutional reform in the late Qing Dynasty can be regarded as the process of the political integration of the country, whose main objects of integration are the constitutionalists, the bureaucrats and the revolutionaries. The integration of bureaucrats is to consolidate and optimize itself, to the constitutionalism to expand allies, and to the revolutionaries to reduce enemies. Political integration is divided into four logical levels: political process integration, institutional integration and community integration. This is the analysis framework of this paper. The integration of the political process means that the state responds to the demands of the political forces of all parties, forms a political consensus in the process of interaction, and determines these consensus in the form of law, imperial edict and so on. During the reform, the Qing government mainly carried out three major political process integration: in 1905, the Qing government announced its inspection abroad and then decided to carry out the constitutionalism; in 1908, it announced the preparation of the constitution and published the constitutional agenda; in 1910, it decided to shorten the time limit for the preparation of the constitution. The process of integration began to diverge for the second time, then gradually expanded, and finally, the political consensus broke down. Organizational integration is the reform of bureaucratic system, the Qing Dynasty mainly carried out the reform of official system. The reform of official system is divided into two aspects: central and local, including organization setup, function division, position design, personnel arrangement, relationship between central and local authorities. Because the central government has been weak for a long time, the bureaucracy has been innovating, but it is difficult to make a real breakthrough. With the deepening of institutional integration, the identity of tribal regimes has become a major obstacle. Institutional integration broke the balance between Han and Manchu, causing political division. System integration, divided into middle and lower level integration and top integration, this is also the process of political system transformation. The middle and lower levels mainly implement basic-level autonomy and the establishment of provincial council. Due to the lack of popular power and the self-interest of bureaucrats, the integration of the middle and lower levels did not bring new legitimacy and failed to contain the turbulent political movement. After the revolution broke out, the Qing government accelerated the top-level integration and implemented the regime transformation. Open party ban party politics, promulgate 19 creeds practice constitutional system, but all cannot redeem revolutionary party and constitutionalism. These two forces converge, rekindle, north-south confrontation, system conformity failure. Community integration is the construction of a new type of ethnic relations, the maintenance of national and state unity, and the transition to a modern nation-state. In the aspect of ethnic integration, the author tries to establish an equal and inclusive ethnic relationship between Manchu and Han. In abdication of Han Chinese revolution, comfort Manchu forces, try to reach political reconciliation, maintain peaceful reunification. After the North-South confrontation, the two sides fought for the Republic's legal unification. In the face of the Civil War, the Qing court did not make a struggle between the dead and the dead, but backed away from the current situation, realized the peaceful transformation, contributed to the constitutional structure of the early Republic of China, and safeguarded the unity of the country.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華僑大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：D691

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